Table 3.

Performance by Group on the Cognitive and Achievement Variables in Original Measurement Units

Variable	Group
	Decoding/Fluency N = 29		Reading Fluency N = 75		Adequate Responder N = 85		Typical N = 69
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Cognitive variables
Phonological Awareness	83.53	11.85	93.00	9.93	101.03	9.07	111.49	10.05
Rapid Naming	0.86	0.29	1.00	0.26	1.05	0.29	1.38	0.31
Underlining Test	0.43	0.14	0.39	0.11	0.41	0.12	0.42	0.11
CELF USP	82.24	17.81	85.07	15.82	91.08	16.45	96.99	19.03
CELF Concepts/Directions	69.31	9.98	79.07	13.65	86.59	13.98	93.62	16.80
KBIT Verbal Knowledge	79.45	13.91	82.69	16.61	91.14	14.33	95.86	16.76
KBIT Matrices	86.93	11.01	89.57	11.05	96.0	11.86	101.84	13.82
Achievement variables
Basic Reading	80.59	8.85	100.27	6.09	111.63	8.04	118.93	10.49
TOWRE	75.93	7.48	86.89	6.82	100.77	7.09	113.57	12.11
CMERS	14.61	10.59	17.39	8.20	37.84	15.83	75.73	26.15
Passage Comprehension	76.17	9.88	88.44	5.98	98.40	6.52	107.51	9.06
Spelling	81.97	11.11	96.47	7.07	105.58	10.05	116.09	11.72

Note. Phonological Awareness = average standard score of Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing Blending Phonemes and Elision; CELF = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals— 4; USP = Understanding Spoken Paragraphs; KBIT = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test—2; Basic Reading = Woodcock-Johnson III composite of Word Identification and Word Attack (untimed decoding); TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency (timed decoding); CMERS = Continuous Monitoring of Early Reading Skills (passage fluency). Standard scores (M = 100; SD = 15) used except for timed tests, which are targets per second.