Table 3.

Regulation of immunopathology by helminth products in mice^a

Parasite and preparation	Model	Mechanism(s)	Reference(s)
Acanthocheilonema viteae
Recombinant Av17 cystatin	OVA–specific airway allergy	Macrophage and IL–10 dependent, partially Treg dependent	248
Recombinant Av17 cystatin	DSS colitis		248
ES-62	Collagen-induced arthritis, airway allergy	Multiple interactions with B cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, and T cells	108, 190
Ancylostoma caninum
ES	TNBS colitis		238
Ancylostoma ceylanicum
ES or adult worm antigen	DSS colitis		41
Anisakis simplex
Macrophage migration-inhibitory factor homolog	OVA-specific airway allergy	Increased IL-10, TGF-β, and Tregs	218
Ascaris suum
Adult worm antigen	OVA-specific airway allergy		166
Ascaris suum PAS-1	A. suum APAS-3-specific allergy		135
Clonorchis sinensis
Type 1 cystatin	DSS colitis		136
Heligmosomoides polygyrus
ES	OVA-specific airway allergy	Induces Tregs in vitro, which suppress upon transfer	100
Hymenolepis diminuta
Adult worm antigen	DNBS colitis	IL-10 independent	138
Litomosoides sigmodontis
Adult worm antigen	NOD diabetes		127
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
ES	OVA-specific airway allergy	Dependent on protein fold; independent of TLR2/4 signaling and IL-10	283
Schistosoma japonicum
SEA	OVA-specific airway allergy		311
Schistosoma mansoni
SEA or SWAP	NOD diabetes	Increased NKT cells, galectin-1/3, TGF-β, and Tregs	314, 315, 317
SEA	EAE	Switch of EAE response from Th1 to Th2	320
SWAP	TNBS colitis		238
Toxascaris leonina
Galectin-9 homolog	DSS colitis		143
Trichinella spiralis
Homogenized muscle stage larvae	DNBS colitis		206
Recombinant TsP53	TNBS colitis		70

^aES, excretory/secretory products; SEA, soluble egg antigen; SWAP, soluble worm adult preparation; OVA, chicken egg ovalbumin; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; DNBS, dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; TNBS, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; APAS-3, allergenic protein of A.suum; Treg, regulatory T cell; NKT, natural killer T; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β.