Fig 5.

Levels of proinflammatory cytokines released from S. Typhi- or S. Typhimurium-infected MDMs. Shown are levels of TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) released from MDMs after 2.5 and 24 h of S. Typhi infection and TNF-α (C) and IL-6 (D) released from MDMs after 2.5 and 24 h of S. Typhimurium infection. Statistical significance was determined by Student's t test comparing cytokine levels between LPS modification mutant-infected samples and the WT-infected sample collected at that time point. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005.