Table 3.
Pre- post- and follow-up scores, estimated differences, and effect sizes for study outcomes.
| Outcome (Questionnaire) | No. of patients§ | Outcomes (M ± SD) |
Estimated differences* to admission (M; 95% CI) |
Estimated effect sizes# (Cohen's d) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADM | DIS | FU3 | FU6 | FU12 | DIS | FU3 | FU6 | FU12 | DIS | FU3 | FU6 | FU12 | ||
| Quality of life | ||||||||||||||
| Physical component summary (SF-36) | (N = 796) | 32.9 ± 10.2 | 37.4 ± 11.7 | 37.4 ± 12.1 | 38.0 ± 12.3 | 5.0; −4.4 to 5.6 |
4.2; 3.5 to 4.8 |
4.6; 3.9 to 5.2 |
0.49 | 0.41 | 0.45 | |||
| Mental component summary (SF-36) | (N = 796) | 39.6 ± 12.8 | 44.7 ± 12.6 | 44.8 ± 12.4 | 45.1 ±12.7 | 4.9; 4.1 to 5.6 |
4.9; 4.0 to 5.7 |
4.6; 3.8 to 5.4 |
0.38 | 0.38 | 0.36 | |||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Psychological symptoms | ||||||||||||||
| Anxiety (HADS_A) |
(N = 850) | 9.0 ± 4.3 | 5.7 ± 3.9 | 6.9 ± 4.4 | 6.8 ± 4.5 | 6.8 ± 4.6 | −2.9; −3.2 to −2.5 |
−1.7; −2.0 to −1.3 |
−1.8; −2.2 to −1.4 |
−1.8; −2.2 to −1.4 |
−0.66 | −0.39 | −0.41 | −0.41 |
| Depression (HADS_D ) | (N = 853) | 7.1 ± 4.1 | 4.4 ± 3.6 | 5.8 ± 4.3 | 5.8 ± 4.4 | 5.9 ± 4.4 | −2.7; −3.0 to −2.4 |
−1.2; −1.6 to −0.9 |
−1.3; −1.6 to −0.9 |
−1.2; −1.5 to −0.8 |
−0.66 | −0.30 | −0.31 | −0.29 |
| Satisfaction with health (FLZ) | (N = 865) | 2.2 ± 0.9 | — | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | — | 0.5; 0.4 to 0.6 |
0.6; 0.5 to 0.7 |
0.6; 0.5 to 0.7 |
0.54 | 0.59 |
0.60 | |
| Satisfaction with life in general (FLZ) | (N = 868) | 3.5 ± 0.9 | — | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | — | 0.2, 0.1 to 0.2 |
0.1; 0.1 to 0.2 |
0.2; 0.1 to 0.2 |
0.18 |
0.15 | 0.17 | |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Control beliefs | ||||||||||||||
| Control belief internal (GKÜ) | (N = 893) | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 0.6; 0.5–0.6 |
0.4; 0.3–0.4 |
0.3; 0.3–0.4 |
0.3; 0.2–0.4 |
0.66 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.34 |
| Control belief external-social (GKÜ) | (N = 881) | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | −0.1; −0.2 to −0.1 |
−0.2; −0.2 to −0.1 |
−0.2; −0.2 to −0.1 |
−0.2; −0.2 to −0.1 |
−0.14 | −0.16 | −0.16 | −0.17 |
| Control belief external-fatalistic (GKÜ) | (N = 877) | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 0.0; 0.0 to 0.0 |
0.1; 0.1 to 0.2 |
0.1; 0.1 to 0.2 |
0.2; 0.1 to 0.2 |
0.02 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
0.22 |
| Ratio internal/external (GKÜ) | (N = 876) | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 0.4; 0.3 to 0.4 |
0.3; 0.2 to 0.3 |
0.3; 0.2 to 0.3 |
0.3; 0.2 to 0.4 |
0.47 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.40 |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Demand of medical services | ||||||||||||||
| Days of sick leave | (N = 264) | 18.9 ± 36.0 | 8.3 ± 13.1 | −10.5; −14.9 to −6.1 |
−0.26 |
|||||||||
| Number of doctors' visits | (N = 705) | 3.7 ± 3.2 | 2.3 ± 2.5 | 2.5 ± 3.0 | 2.8 ± 3.1 | −1.4; −1.7 to −1.2 |
−1.3; −1.5 to −1.0 |
−1.0; −1.3 to −0.7 |
−0.46 | −0.40 | −0.30 | |||
| Days admitted to a hospital | (N = 202) | 23.2 ± 20.3 | 25.9 ± 21.3 | 2.7; −0.8 to 6.1 |
0.13 | |||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Subjective health change (%) | ||||||||||||||
| (i) Much improved | 30.8 | 24.8 | 23.7 | 27.9 | ||||||||||
| (ii) Somewhat improved | 49.0 | 38.3 | 35.4 | 31.3 | ||||||||||
| (iii) The same | 16.0 | 23.7 | 23.4 | 22.1 | ||||||||||
| (iv) Somewhat worse | 3.1 | 7.0 | 8.8 | 9.8 | ||||||||||
| (v) Much worse | 1.1 | 6.1 | 8.8 | 8.9 | ||||||||||
ADM: admission; DIS: discharge; FU3: 3-month follow-up; M: mean; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; *estimation from repeated measurement ANOVA. #Effect size calculation was based on estimated differences. §The number of patients included in the analyses may be smaller due to missing data at any measurement time-point, leading to their exclusion within the repeated measurement ANOVA.