Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristicsb | Men
|
pc | Women
|
pc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leptina | Leptina | |||||
| Normal (n=920) | High (n=300) | Normal (n=947) | High (n=335) | |||
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|||||
| Age (years) | 73.7±2.9 | 73.7±2.8 | 0.96 | 73.6±2.9 | 73.3±2.7 | 0.19 |
| Race (Black) | 40.9 | 19.7 | <.0001 | 45.0 | 46.0 | 0.76 |
| Education | 0.16 | 0.001 | ||||
| less than high school | 26.6 | 22.0 | 19.9 | 28.6 | ||
| high school | 24.5 | 29.0 | 39.6 | 39.8 | ||
| postsecondary | 48.9 | 49.0 | 40.6 | 31.6 | ||
| Alcohol intake | 0.52 | 0.63 | ||||
| never or < 1 drink/wk | 62.2 | 58.7 | 79.1 | 81.5 | ||
| 1–7 drink/wk | 25.8 | 28.9 | 17.5 | 15.5 | ||
| > 7 drink/wk | 12.0 | 12.4 | 3.5 | 3.0 | ||
| Smoking status | 0.002 | 0.04 | ||||
| non smoker | 31.3 | 29.0 | 59.4 | 53.4 | ||
| former smoker | 11.4 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 7.5 | ||
| current smoker | 57.3 | 66.0 | 31.7 | 39.1 | ||
| Physical activity (Kcal/week) | 87.0±71.4 | 79.6±68.8 | 0.12 | 85.7±71.8 | 80.1±66.9 | 0.19 |
| 3MSE | 89.5±8.9 | 90.2±7.1 | 0.002 | 91.4±7.0 | 90.6±8.7 | 0.002 |
| No. of chronic diseases | 1.4±1.0 | 1.5±1.1 | 0.09 | 0.9±0.9 | 1.1±1.1 | 0.007 |
| Diabetes | 22.8 | 37.3 | <.0001 | 14.8 | 34.0 | <.0001 |
| CVD | 20.8 | 28.7 | 0.005 | 11.5 | 16.7 | 0.01 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.8(1.4) | 2.1(1.7) | <.0001 | 1.5(1.4) | 2.2(1.6) | <.0001 |
| CRP (ug/mL) | 1.4(1.6) | 1.8(1.9) | 0.01 | 1.6(2.1) | 2.9(3.3) | <.0001 |
| BMI | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| normal | 38.0 | 4.7 | 43.2 | 3.0 | ||
| overweight | 49.5 | 47.0 | 37.1 | 41.5 | ||
| obesity | 12.5 | 48.3 | 19.8 | 55.5 | ||
| Percent Body Fat (%) | 28.1±4.5 | 33.0±4.1 | <.0001 | 39.5±5.7 | 43.9±4.3 | <.0001 |
| Abdominal Visceral fat (cm2) | 123.1±39.9 | 253.5±52.3 | <.0001 | 103.8±35.1 | 212.47±41.9 | <.0001 |
a
High leptin: >10.1 ng/mL in men and >28.9 ng/mL in women.
b
Categorical and continuous variables were reported as percentage or means ±standard deviation as appropriate. Variables with a skewed distribution were presented as median (interquartile range) and were log-transformed for the analyses.
c
Based on chi-square for categorical variables and indipendent t-test for continuous variables.
Abbreviations: 3MS, Modified Mini 3Mental State Examination; CVD, Cardiovascular Disorders; IL-6, Interleukin 6; CRP, C-Reactive Protein; BMI, Body Mass Index.