Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics for the 1:2 Matched Cohort
| Cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total (N=4128) | Case (Dead) (N=1376) | Control (Alive) (N=2752) | P |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 71.7 (11.8) | 72.0 (12.4) | 71.6 (11.5) | 0.2396 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.5246 | |||
| Male | 2966 (71.9%) | 980 (71.2%) | 1986 (72.2%) | |
| Female | 1162 (28.1%) | 396 (28.8%) | 766 (27.8%) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.0006 | |||
| Black | 377 (9.1%) | 145 (10.5%) | 232 (8.4%) | |
| White | 1869 (45.3%) | 627 (45.6%) | 1242 (45.1%) | |
| Other | 69 (1.7%) | 14 (1.0%) | 55 (2.0%) | |
| Not documented/missing | 1813 (43.9%) | 590 (42.9%) | 1223 (44.4%) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | 0.4963 | |||
| Medicare | 2829 (68.5%) | 953 (69.3%) | 1876 (68.2%) | |
| Medicaid | 134 (3.2%) | 52 (3.8%) | 82 (3.0%) | |
| Private | 786 (19.0%) | 242 (17.6%) | 544 (19.8%) | |
| Other | 118 (2.9%) | 43 (3.1%) | 75 (2.7%) | |
| None | 37 (0.9%) | 12 (0.9%) | 25 (0.9%) | |
| Not documented/missing | 224 (5.4%) | 74 (5.4%) | 150 (5.5%) | |
| Ischemic HF etiology, n (%) | 2893 (70.1%) | 996 (72.6%) | 1897 (69.3%) | 0.0781 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 1474 (35.7%) | 492 (35.8%) | 982 (35.7%) | 0.9634 |
| History of diabetes | 1464 (35.5%) | 495 (36%) | 969 (35.2%) | 0.6290 |
| History of hypertension | 2612 (63.3%) | 874 (63.5%) | 1738 (63.2%) | 0.8194 |
| Previous MI | 1715 (41.5%) | 557 (40.5%) | 1158 (42.1%) | 0.3258 |
| History of COPD | 801 (19.4%) | 285 (20.7%) | 516 (18.8%) | 0.1329 |
| History of coronary artery bypass grafting | 1413 (34.2%) | 476 (34.6%) | 937 (34.0%) | 0.7279 |
| History of PCI | 1082 (26.2%) | 361 (26.2%) | 721 (26.2%) | 0.9800 |
| History of PVD | 514 (12.5%) | 176 (12.8%) | 338 (12.3%) | 0.6407 |
| History of depression | 410 (9.9%) | 151 (11.0%) | 259 (9.4%) | 0.1136 |
| NYHA class, n (%) | 0.2379 | |||
| I | 1335 (32.3%) | 419 (30.5%) | 916 (33.3%) | |
| II | 1612 (39.1%) | 558 (40.6%) | 1054 (38.3%) | |
| III | 990 (24%) | 331 (24.1%) | 659 (23.9%) | |
| IV | 84 (2%) | 34 (2.5%) | 50 (1.8%) | |
| Not documented | 107 (2.6%) | 34 (2.5%) | 73 (2.7%) | |
| LVEF, % | 0.3102 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 25.1 (7) | 24.9 (7) | 25.2 (7) | |
| Median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 25 (20, 30) | 25 (20, 30) | 25 (20, 30) | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 118 (106, 130) | 118 (106, 130) | 118 (108, 130) | 0.7506 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 70 (60, 76) | 69 (60, 76) | 70 (60, 76) | 0.0785 |
| Resting heart rate, beats/min, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 72 (64, 80) | 72 (64, 80) | 71.5 (64, 79) | 0.7007 |
| Pulmonary rales on last examination, n (%) | 144 (3.5%) | 41 (3.0%) | 103 (3.7%) | 0.4515 |
| Edema on last examination, n (%) | 896 (21.7%) | 313 (22.7%) | 583 (21.2%) | 0.5173 |
| Sodium, mEq/L, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 140 (137, 142) | 139 (137, 142) | 140 (137, 142) | 0.5941 |
| Serum urea nitrogen, mg/dL, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 23 (17, 31) | 23 (17, 32) | 23 (17, 30.5) | 0.3465 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 1.3 (1, 1.6) | 1.3 (1, 1.6) | 1.3 (1, 1.6) | 0.1723 |
| Potassium, mEq/L, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 4.4 (4.1, 4.7) | 4.4 (4.1, 4.8) | 4.4 (4.1, 4.7) | 0.8566 |
| QRS duration, ms, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 130 (102, 160) | 126 (104, 158) | 132 (102, 160) | 0.7010 |
COPD indicates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; and SD, standard deviation.