Table 1.
Risks of Adverse Birth Outcomes Among HIV-Infected Women As Compared With HIV-Uninfected Women
| Adverse Birth Outcome | Total (%) (N = 33 148) | HIV+ (%) (N = 9504) | HIV– (%) (N = 22 609) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stillbirth | 1080 (3.3) | 437 (4.6) | 564 (2.5) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) |
| Preterm delivery | 6285 (19.6) | 2144 (23.7) | 3797 (17.2) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) |
| Small for gestational ageb | 4404 (13.5) | 1721 (18.4) | 2565 (11.5) | 1.7 (1.6–1.9) | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) |
| Neonatal deathb | 613 (1.9) | 205 (2.3) | 339 (1.5) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) |
| Congenital anomalies | 826 (2.5) | 215 (2.3) | 568 (2.5) | .9 (.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio.
a Stepwise selection was utilized for the logistic regression analyses, and covariates with a significance level ≤0.05 were included in the model. Additional risk factors for stillbirth and small for gestational age in multivariate analysis were advanced maternal age, nulliparity, maternal hypertension in pregnancy, and anemia. Maternal hypertension and anemia were significantly associated with preterm delivery; and maternal hypertension, highest level of education received (primary or no education compared to secondary or tertiary level), and positive rapid plasma reagin during pregnancy were significantly associated with neonatal death.
b Maximum sample size available illustrated in each column; for the birth outcome small for gestational age, missing values were recorded for up to 1% of the total sample size. For the outcome neonatal death, missing values were recorded for up to 3% of the total sample size.