Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariate Odds Ratios for Preterm Delivery Among HIV-Infected Women
| Risk Factor | Number of PTD (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI)a | Continued HAART vs Others (N = 8725) |
HAART Initiation vs ZDV Initiation
(N = 4653) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | Adjusted OR (95% CI)c | |||
| Marital status | ||||
| Single/widowed/divorced | 1861/7813 (23.8) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.3 (.9–1.9) |
| Married | 176/955 (18.4) | |||
| Educational statusd | ||||
| None or primary | 412/1540 (26.8) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | .8 (.7–1.1) |
| Secondary or tertiary | 1583/6992 (22.6) | |||
| History of past adverse outcomee | ||||
| Yes | 359/1125 (31.9) | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) |
| No | 901/4167 (21.6) | |||
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 52/158 (32.9) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) |
| No or unknown | 2092/8907 (23.5) | |||
| Maternal hypertension in pregnancyf | ||||
| Yes | 405/1516 (26.7) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | 1.2 (.9–1.4) |
| No | 1512/7087 (21.3) | |||
| Anemia in pregnancyg | ||||
| Yes | 682/3004 (22.7) | 5.8 (4.7–7.2) | … | 4.1 (3.0–5.7) |
| No | 102/2128 (4.8) | |||
| CD4+ cell count ≤200 μL | ||||
| Yes | 110/549 (20.0) | 1.1 (.9–1.3) | 1.1 (.9–1.4) | 1.0 (.7–1.3) |
| No | 714/3768 (18.9) | |||
| Unknown | 1320/4748 (27.8) | |||
| Continued HAART in pregnancyb | ||||
| Continued HAART | 543/2050 (26.5) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | … |
| All others | 1515/6676 (22.7) | |||
| Initiated HAART in pregnancyc | ||||
| Initiated HAART | 177/892 (19.8) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | … | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) |
| Initiated ZDV | 533/3762 (14.2) |
Stepwise selection was utilized for the logistic regression analyses, and covariates with a significance level ≤0.05 and CD4+ cell count were included in the model. Anemia was excluded from analyses that included women who continued HAART from before pregnancy, because hemoglobin was measured after women started HAART.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; PTD, preterm delivery; RPR, rapid plasma regain; ZDV, zidovudine.
a Unadjusted ORs were estimated among all HIV-infected women whom had a known initiation date for antiretroviral drugs received during pregnancy and whom had information recorded for the variable of interest.
b Continued HAART versus all others: Women who continued HAART from before pregnancy were compared with all other HIV-infected women, including those who initiated ZDV, HAART, or no antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy.
c HAART initiation versus ZDV initiation: Women who initiated HAART were compared with women who initiated ZDV, including only those who initiated antiretroviral drugs by 34 weeks gestation and had birth outcomes ≥34 weeks gestation. Unadjusted ORs were estimated among this subset, but are not shown.
d Highest level of education received was recorded, and included none, primary, secondary, or tertiary school.
e Past adverse pregnancy outcome defined as past stillbirth, preterm delivery, very preterm delivery, or low birth weight infant.
f Maternal hypertension defined as a blood pressure measurement of more than 140/90 mmHg at any visit before labor, admission to the hospital for hypertension, delivery complicated by hypertension, or induction for preeclampsia.
g Anemia during pregnancy was defined as presence of recorded hemoglobin value of 10 g/dL or less, and was measured at the first antenatal visit.