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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Lipidol. 2012 Aug;7(4):397–407. doi: 10.2217/clp.12.46

Figure 2. Mendelian randomization and randomized controlled trial in the case of lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease.

Figure 2

(A) Parallel relationship between Mendelian randomization and randomized controlled trial. (B) Application of Mendelian randomization to the case of Lp(a) and CVD. Relationships include (1) genetic marker and plasma Lp(a) levels; (2) genetic marker and CVD risk; (3) plasma Lp(a) levels and CVD risk; and (4) the predicted relationship between genetically elevated Lp(a) levels and CVD risk (derived from the first two estimates), which is then compared with the observed estimate (3).

CVD: Cardiovascular disease; Lp(a): Lipoprotein(a).

Modified with permission from [65].