Table 4.
Type of malformation | Total nitrite intake mg/daya | Type of drug exposure | Cases | Controls | Unadjusted ORc | 95% CI | Adjusted ORd | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | %b | No. | %b | |||||||
Cleft lip alone | < 3.02 | No nitrosatable drug exposure | 138 | 72.6 | 1543 | 75.7 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
Secondary amines | 34 | 19.8 | 263 | 14.6 | 1.45 | 0.97, 2.15 | 1.38 | 0.91, 2.07 | ||
Tertiary amines | 23 | 14.3 | 254 | 14.1 | 1.01 | 0.64, 1.61 | 1.02e | 0.63, 1.64 | ||
Amides | 16 | 10.4 | 147 | 8.7 | 1.22 | 0.71, 2.10 | 1.19 | 0.68, 2.08 | ||
3.02–4.56 | No nitrosatable drug exposure | 137 | 74.9 | 1523 | 74.0 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
Secondary amines | 26 | 16.0 | 282 | 15.6 | 1.02 | 0.66, 1.59 | 1.01 | 0.65, 1.59 | ||
Tertiary amines | 23 | 14.4 | 280 | 15.5 | 0.91 | 0.58, 1.45 | 0.93e | 0.58, 1.49 | ||
Amides | 18 | 11.6 | 181 | 10.6 | 1.11 | 0.66, 1.85 | 1.13 | 0.67, 1.91 | ||
>4.56 | No nitrosatable drug exposure | 134 | 70.9 | 1622 | 78.8 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
Secondary amines | 28 | 17.3 | 229 | 12.4 | 1.48 | 0.96, 2.28 | 1.25 | 0.79, 1.96 | ||
Tertiary amines | 30 | 18.3 | 231 | 12.5 | 1.57 | 1.03, 2.39 | 1.46e | 0.93, 2.27 | ||
Amides | 19 | 12.4 | 157 | 8.8 | 1.46 | 0.88, 2.43 | 1.36 | 0.80, 2.31 | ||
Cleft lip with cleft palate | < 3.02 | No nitrosatable drug exposure | 235 | 72.5 | 1543 | 75.7 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
Secondary amines | 42 | 15.2 | 263 | 14.6 | 1.05 | 0.74, 1.49 | 1.02 | 0.71, 1.46 | ||
Tertiary amines | 48 | 17.0 | 254 | 14.1 | 1.24 | 0.89, 1.74 | 1.21 | 0.85, 1.72 | ||
Amides | 30 | 11.3 | 147 | 8.7 | 1.34 | 0.88, 2.03 | 1.34 | 0.87, 2.07 | ||
3.02–4.56 | No nitrosatable drug exposure | 224 | 71.3 | 1523 | 74.0 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
Secondary amines | 39 | 14.8 | 282 | 15.6 | 0.94 | 0.65, 1.35 | 0.96 | 0.66, 1.40 | ||
Tertiary amines | 52 | 18.8 | 280 | 15.5 | 1.26 | 0.91, 1.75 | 1.34 | 0.95, 1.90 | ||
Amides | 35 | 13.5 | 181 | 10.6 | 1.31 | 0.89, 1.94 | 1.31 | 0.87, 1.96 | ||
>4.56 | No nitrosatable drug exposure | 243 | 79.4 | 1622 | 78.8 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
Secondary amines | 36 | 12.9 | 229 | 12.4 | 1.05 | 0.72, 1.53 | 1.12 | 0.75, 1.66 | ||
Tertiary amines | 36 | 12.9 | 231 | 12.5 | 1.04 | 0.71, 1.52 | 1.18 | 0.79, 1.75 | ||
Amides | 21 | 8.0 | 157 | 8.8 | 0.89 | 0.56, 1.44 | 1.00 | 0.61, 1.64 | ||
Cleft palate alone | < 3.02 | No nitrosatable drug exposure | 189 | 78.8 | 1543 | 75.7 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
Secondary amines | 31 | 14.1 | 263 | 14.6 | 0.96 | 0.64, 1.44 | 0.93 | 0.61, 1.40 | ||
Tertiary amines | 23 | 10.9 | 254 | 14.1 | 0.74 | 0.47, 1.16 | 0.76 | 0.48, 1.21 | ||
Amides | 16 | 7.8 | 147 | 8.7 | 0.89 | 0.52, 1.52 | 0.90e | 0.52, 1.57 | ||
3.02–4.56 | No nitrosatable drug exposure | 161 | 70.6 | 1523 | 74.0 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
Secondary amines | 34 | 17.4 | 282 | 15.6 | 1.14 | 0.77, 1.69 | 1.07 | 0.72, 1.60 | ||
Tertiary amines | 36 | 18.3 | 280 | 15.5 | 1.22 | 0.83, 1.78 | 1.23 | 0.82, 1.82 | ||
Amides | 23 | 12.5 | 181 | 10.6 | 1.20 | 0.76, 1.91 | 1.19e | 0.74, 1.91 | ||
>4.56 | No nitrosatable drug exposure | 176 | 76.5 | 1622 | 78.8 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
Secondary amines | 22 | 11.1 | 229 | 12.4 | 0.89 | 0.56, 1.41 | 0.85 | 0.52, 1.36 | ||
Tertiary amines | 23 | 11.6 | 231 | 12.5 | 0.92 | 0.58, 1.45 | 0.88 | 0.55, 1.42 | ||
Amides | 29 | 14.2 | 157 | 8.8 | 1.70 | 1.11, 2.61 | 1.57e | 1.01, 2.45 |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Total nitrites = daily dietary nitrite intake + 5% of daily nitrate intake.
Percentages for no nitrosatable drugs are based on total participants with complete information while percentages for a given nitrosatable group exclude other nitrosatable groups in the denominator.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios include only cases and controls with complete information for drug exposures and covariates.
Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, study center, calorie intake, and folic acid supplementation during the first trimester.
Significant additive interaction (95% confidence levels for RERI and/or AP exclude 0).