Table 2.
Pooled regression models showing ORs (95% CIs) for smoking and chewing among men and interactions for wealth, education, residence and caste over time
| Smoking |
Chewing |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | Model 1: full model | Model 2: interaction with wealth | Model 3: interaction with education | Model 4: interaction with living environment | Model 5: interaction with caste | Model 1: full model | Model 2: interaction with wealth | Model 3: interaction with education | Model 4: interaction with living environment | Model 5: interaction with caste |
| Wealth quintiles (richest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Richer | 1.37 (1.32 to 1.43) | 1.51 (1.44 to 1.59) | 1.37 (1.31 to 1.42) | 1.36 (1.3 to 1.41) | 1.37 (1.31 to 1.42) | 1.43 (1.38 to 1.48) | 1.33 (1.27 to 1.4) | 1.42 (1.36 to 1.47) | 1.42 (1.36 to 1.47) | 1.41 (1.36 to 1.47) |
| Middle | 1.71 (1.64 to 1.78) | 1.99 (1.89 to 2.1) | 1.71 (1.64 to 1.78) | 1.68 (1.61 to 1.75) | 1.7 (1.63 to 1.77) | 1.75 (1.68 to 1.82) | 1.63 (1.55 to 1.72) | 1.73 (1.66 to 1.8) | 1.72 (1.65 to 1.8) | 1.72 (1.65 to 1.79) |
| Poorer | 2.06 (1.97 to 2.16) | 2.51 (2.37 to 2.65) | 2.05 (1.96 to 2.14) | 2.02 (1.93 to 2.11) | 2.04 (1.95 to 2.14) | 1.92 (1.84 to 2.01) | 1.77 (1.67 to 1.87) | 1.89 (1.8 to 1.97) | 1.86 (1.78 to 1.95) | 1.87 (1.79 to to 1.96) |
| Poorest | 2.33 (2.22 to 2.46) | 2.88 (2.72 to 3.06) | 2.31 (2.19 to 2.43) | 2.29 (2.18 to 2.41) | 2.3 (2.19 to 2.42) | 2.1 (1.99 to 2.2) | 1.93 (1.82 to 2.05) | 2.03 (1.92 to 2.13) | 2.03 (1.932.13) | 2.02 (1.93 to 2.12) |
| Education (postgraduate) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| College | 1.38 (1.28 to 1.49) | 1.41 (1.31 to 1.53) | 1.34 (1.19 to 1.5) | 1.4 (1.29 to 1.51) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.51) | 1.26 (1.17 to 1.36) | 1.28 (1.19 to 1.39) | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.27) | 1.29 (1.19 to 1.39) | 1.29 (1.2 to 1.39) |
| High school | 1.81 (1.69 to 1.95) | 1.91 (1.78 to 2.05) | 2.16 (1.95 to 2.4) | 1.87 (1.74 to 2.01) | 1.87 (1.74 to 2.01) | 1.53 (1.43 to 1.65) | 1.64 (1.53 to 1.76) | 1.46 (1.33 to 1.61) | 1.65 (1.54 to 1.77) | 1.66 (1.54 to 1.78) |
| Primary | 2.73 (2.54 to 2.94) | 2.81 (2.61 to 3.04) | 3.4 (3.05 to 3.78) | 2.77 (2.57 to 2.99) | 2.77 (2.57 to 2.99) | 1.98 (1.84 to 2.13) | 2.04 (1.9 to 2.2) | 1.84 (1.66 to 2.04) | 2.05 (1.9 to 2.21) | 2.06 (1.91 to 2.21) |
| No education | 3.18 (2.96 to 3.43) | 3.27 (3.03 to 3.53) | 4.07 (3.66 to 4.53) | 3.19 (2.96 to 4.34) | 3.18 (2.95 to 3.42) | 2.09 (1.94 to 2.26) | 2.06 (1.91 to 2.22) | 1.93 (1.74 to 2.14) | 2.07 (1.92 to 2.23) | 2.08 (1.93 to 2.24) |
| Living environment (large city) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Small city | 0.77 (0.72 to 0.82) | 0.81 (0.76 to 0.87) | 0.8 (0.74 to 0.85) | 0.82 (0.75 to 0.9) | 0.79 (0.74 to 0.84) | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.02) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.1) |
| Town | 0.78 (0.74 to 0.82) | 0.83 (0.79 to 0.88) | 0.81 (0.77 to 0.85) | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) | 0.81 (0.77 to 0.85) | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.06) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.06) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.15) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.07) |
| Village | 0.68 (0.65 to 0.71) | 0.75 (0.71 to 0.78) | 0.73 (0.7 to 0.77) | 0.87 (0.82 to 0.92) | 0.73 (0.7 to 0.76) | 0.76 (0.73 to 0.79) | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.96) | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.96) | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.99) | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.97) |
| Caste/tribe (Other) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| SC | 1.16 (1.12 to 1.2) | 1.15 (1.11 to 1.19) | 1.15 (1.11 to 1.18) | 1.15 (1.11 to 1.19) | 1.16 (1.11 to 1.21) | 1.12 (1.08 to 1.15) | 1.1 (1.06 to 1.13) | 1.1 (1.06 to 1.13) | 1.1 (1.06 to 1.13) | 1.1 (1.06 to 1.14) |
| ST | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.2) | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.2) | 1.14 (1.08 to 1.18) | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.2) | 1.15 (1.09 to 1.21) | 3.02 (2.88 to 3.15) | 1.1 (1.06 to 1.15) | 1.1 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.1 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.17 (1.11 to 1.24) |
| OBC | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.04) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.02) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02 | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.02) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08) | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.03) | 1.002 (0.97 to 1.03) | 1.003 (0.97 to 1.03) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.07) |
| No caste or missing | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.13) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.14) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.03) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.08) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.08) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.08) | 0.97 (0.9 to 1.04) |
| Survey year | 1.74 (1.7 to 1.88) | 1.67 (1.46 to 1.91) | 1.49 (1.4 to 1.58) | 1.24 (1.19 to 1.3) | 1.47 (1.38 to 1.56) | 1.34 (1.17 to 1.54) | 1.69 (1.58 to 1.8) | 1.72 (1.65 to 1.79) | ||
| Year* Richer | 0.78 (0.73 to 0.84) | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.24) | ||||||||
| Year * Middle | 0.68 (0.63 to 0.73) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.22) | ||||||||
| Year* Poorer | 0.60 (0.56 to 0.65) | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.24) | ||||||||
| Year* Poorest | 0.58 (0.53 to 0.62) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.2) | ||||||||
| Year* College | 1.13 (0.97 to 1.32) | 1.27 (1.1 to 1.48) | ||||||||
| Year* High school | 0.78 (0.68 to 0.89) | 1.28 (1.11 to 1.47) | ||||||||
| Year* Primary | 0.66 (0.57 to 0.77) | 1.02 (0.88 to 1.18) | ||||||||
| Year* No education | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.70) | 1.01 (0.87 to 1.17) | ||||||||
| Year* Small city | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.12) | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.06) | ||||||||
| Year* Town | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.98) | 0.9 (0.82 to 0.99) | ||||||||
| Year* Village | 0.73 (0.68 to 0.79) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.05) | ||||||||
| Year* SC | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.05) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | ||||||||
| Year* ST | 0.97 (0.9 to 1.05) | 0.84 (0.78 to 0.91) | ||||||||
| Year* OBC | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) | ||||||||
| Year* No caste | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.21) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.29) | ||||||||
| Fixed part of the model | ||||||||||
| Joint χ2 test for interaction (p value) | 174.31 (p<0.001) | 13.31 (p=0.009) | 13.44 (p=0.003) | 0.318 (p=0.98) | 15.63 (p=0.003) | 8.52 (p=0.074) | 2.6 (p=0.46) | 1.387 (p=0.85) | ||
| Random part of the model | ||||||||||
| χ2 for level 3: state (p value) | 12.82 (p=0.003) | 12.82 (p=0.003) | 12.82 (p=0.003) | 12.82 (p=0.003) | 12.89 (p=0.0003) | 12.89 (p=0.0003) | 12.89 (p=0.0003) | 12.89 (p=0.0003) | ||
| χ2 for level 2: local area (p value) | 650.41 (p<0.001) | 655.7 (p<0.001) | 654.2 (p<0.001) | 660.7 (p<0.001) | 801.6 (p<0.001) | 802.4 (p<0.001) | 802.4 (p<0.001) | 801.7 (p<0.001) | ||
*Models are controlled for age (centred at 29 years), marital status and religion.