Figure 3 .

Bindarit effects on LPS-stimulated CCL2 mRNA in cultured astrocytes and microglia. Separate cultures of astrocytes (A) and microglia (B), prepared from C57BL/6 mouse brain, were pre-treated with 300 μM bindarit for 1 hr, then incubated with ± 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the continued presence of bindarit. Astrocytes cultures were exposed to LPS for the indicated times to stimulate CCL2 expression. Microglial cultures were only exposed to LPS for 4 hr, as these highly express CCL2 even under basal conditions. Control cultures received only vehicle. Relative CCL2 RNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR, and effects of bindarit treatment reported as % change compared to control cultures. Brackets designate comparison between the two respective groups. *P < 0.05; ^#P < 0.01.