Table 4.
Average (with 95% confidence limits) peak head–T1 extension during the whiplash simulations of the current study and comparison with previous in vivo studies. The number of impacts (n) and the inclusion of a head rest are also indicated
| Reference | n | Peak sled horizontal velocity (kph) | Peak head–T1 extension (degrees) | Head rest used? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current study | 6 | 9.1 | 37.1 (5.9) | No |
| 11.4 | 55.5 (14.8) | |||
| 12.4 | 68.8 (15.4) | |||
| 13.1 | 82.2 (12.9) | |||
| Scott et al. [71] | 3 | 3.9 to 7.8 | 15 to 40 | Yes |
| Szabo et al. [78] | 7 | 16 | 10 to 30 | Yes |
| McConnell et al. [49] | 3 | 7.7 to 9.2 | 45 to 57 | Yes |
| Ono et al. [54] | 3 | 2.2 to 4 | 39 to 50 | No |
| Ono et al. [55] | 17 | 4 to 8 | 25 to 50 | No |
| Davidsson [17] | 10 | 7.6 to 9.3 | 35 to 51 | No |
| Welcher et al. [84] | 15 | 4 | 7.5 to 27.4 | Yes |