Table 4.
Criteria of stability or instability in the literature reviewed
| Author | Stability or instability | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Cornish [7] (1968) | Stability | Little in the way of local pain, muscle spasm or referred pain, relatively little movement was shown in the lateral radiographs take in flexion and extension |
| Norrell [26] (1970) | Instability | Dynamic films indicated that the probability of the damage of disc was between C2 and C3 |
| White and Panjabi [43] (1978) | Stability | Less than 3.5 mm anterior displacement of C2 over C3 or less than 11° angulation between C2 and C3 |
| Govender and Charies [14] (1987) | Stability | More than 6 mm anterior displacement and greater than 2 mm movement on flexion/extension radiographs |
| Coric et al. [6] (1996) | Instability | More than 6 mm anterior displacement and greater than 2 mm movement on flexion/extension radiographs |
| Verheggen and Jansen [41] (1998) | Stability of the craniovertebral junction | No transposition on lateral dynamic films, had little Relation to the occurrence of osseous union |
| Marton [22] (2000) | Instability of Type II fractures | The integrity of the disc-ligament entity, and the angulation of dens between 20° and 35° would suggest the tearing of the posterior ligamentous system and the lesion of the posterior part of the disc |
| Moon [24] (2001–2002) | Instability | Abnormal enlargement or rotation of the body and arch of axis combined with a displacement of C2 upon C3 or the full breakage of annular ligament followed with the pedicle injuries |