TABLE 2.
Relationship Between Youth Smoking Trajectories and Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Maternal Smoking, Adjusting for Social and Behavioral Selection Factors: NLSY79-CYA, 1994–2006
| Smoking Trajectories |
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| Characteristics | Early Onset vs Nonsmoker, AOR (95% CI) | Early Experiment vs Nonsmoker, AOR (95% CI) | Late Onset vs Nonsmoker, AOR (95% CI) | Early Onset vs Late Onset, AOR (95% CI) | Experiment vs Late Onset, AOR (95% CI) |
| Mother's smoking history | |||||
| Group 1: never smoked daily (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Group 2: quit daily before pregnancy | 1.62 (0.93, 2.66) | 3.01* (1.21, 7.50) | 1.06 (0.67, 1.68) | 1.53 (0.85, 2.74) | 2.84* (1.11, 7.30) |
| Group 3: did not smoke during pregnancy, then relapsed to daily | 2.07*** (1.44, 2.99) | 2.46* (1.23, 4.91) | 1.66** (1.23, 2.25) | 1.24 (0.83, 1.86) | 1.48 (0.72, 3.02) |
| Group 4: did not smoke during pregnancy, relapsed, then quit daily | 1.86* (1.14, 3.03) | 1.08 (0.40, 2.88) | 1.83** (1.27, 2.62) | 1.02 (0.61, 1.70) | 0.59 (0.22, 1.61) |
| Group 5: smoked during pregnancy any cigarettes/d, quit daily after pregnancy | 2.12** (1.29, 3.48) | 2.45 (0.93, 6.43) | 1.97** (1.31, 2.95) | 1.08 (0.62, 1.87) | 1.25 (0.50, 3.13) |
| Group 6: smoked during pregnancy any cigarettes/d, continued daily after pregnancy | 2.75*** (2.03, 3.73) | 2.12* (1.14, 3.94) | 1.66*** (1.28, 2.16) | 1.65** (1.18, 2.31) | 1.28 (0.68, 2.38) |
| Youth sociodemographics | |||||
| Age at baseline | 0.82*** (0.74, 0.92) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.023) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.87* (0.78, 0.97) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) |
| Gender | |||||
| Female (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.21 (0.98, 1.50) | 0.56** (0.37, 0.87) | 1.45*** (1.21, 1.73) | 0.84 (0.15, 0.66) | 0.39*** (0.25, 0.61) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Hispanic | 0.66** (0.49, 0.89) | 0.93 (0.52, 1.68) | 0.88 (0.68, 1.14) | 0.75 (0.55, 1.03) | 1.06 (0.58, 1.94) |
| Black | 0.23*** (0.17, 0.31) | 0.19*** (0.10, 0.36) | 0.57*** (0.45, 0.73) | 0.40*** (0.30, 0.55) | 0.33** (0.17, 0.63) |
| Maternal sociodemographics | |||||
| Age at birth | 0.86*** (0.83, 0.88) | 0.75*** (0.70, 0.81) | 0.83*** (0.81, 0.86) | 1.03 (0.10, 1.07) | 0.90** (0.84, 0.97) |
| Education when child was aged 14 y | |||||
| High school (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < high school | 1.21 (0.88, 1.66) | 1.00 (0.52, 1.91) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) | 1.33 (0.96, 1.84) | 1.10 (0.58, 2.09) |
| > high school | 0.92 (0.70, 1.19) | 0.90 (0.51, 1.57) | 0.80 (0.64, 0.10) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.54) | 1.12 (0.64, 1.96) |
| Marital status when child was aged 14 y | |||||
| Married with father in household (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Never married | 1.65** (1.15, 2.36) | 1.36 (0.55, 3.38) | 1.45* (1.05, 2.01) | 1.14 (0.54, 1.70) | 0.94 (0.37, 2.38) |
| Formerly married | 1.48** (1.15, 1.91) | 1.16 (0.70, 1.92) | 1.31* (1.04, 1.64) | 1.14 (0.86, 1.49) | 0.89 (0.54, 1.48) |
| Maternal health/risk behavior | |||||
| Breastfed child | |||||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.79 (0.62, 1.02) | 1.15 (0.56, 1.85) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 0.79 (0.60, 1.04) | 1.15 (0.71, 1.86) |
| Obtained prenatal care | |||||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.69 (0.24, 1.94) | 0.33 (0.09, 1.24) | 0.57 (0.26, 1.25) | 1.20 (0.39, 3.65) | 0.57 (0.14, 2.38) |
| Adolescent delinquency behavior score | 1.10* (1.02, 1.18) | 0.88 (0.14, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 1.15*** (1.06, 1.24) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.10) |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; NLSY79-CYA = Children and Young Adults of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Youth smoking trajectories are characterized as early onset, early experiment, late onset or nonsmoker on the basis of a latent trajectory analysis fit to data on repeated assessments of smoking in the past 30 d by respondents aged 14–25 y observed between 1994 and 2006 in the NLSY79-CYA. AORs for smoking trajectories relative to the experiment smoking trajectory group are not shown because statistical inference limited by sample power for this group. CIs and tests of statistical significance have been adjusted for survey weights and clustering within families.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.