Table 3.

Range of motion (ROM) comparison for intact specimen

	Flexion	Extension	Lateral bending	Axial rotation
Panjabi et al. [15] 7.5 Nm	6.5	2.0	5.0/4.5	1.8/2.0
Fujiwara et al. [5] 6.6 Nm (Male)	3.0	2.4	7.3	2.3
Mimura et al. [12] 10 Nm	12.8	→	11.0 (2.5)	2.5 (2.0)
Schmoelz et al. [20] 10 Nm	4.5	4.0	4.0/5.0	1.0/1.0
Yamamoto et al. [23] 10 Nm	7.5 (0.8)	3.7 (0.3)	5.8 (0.5)/5.7 (0.3)	2.7 (0.4)/2.5 (0.4)
Freudiger et al. [3] 18.3 Nm	9.6 (1.7)	2.1 (1.0)
Our study 7.5 Nm	3.7 (1.5)	3.3 (1.5)	3.5 (1.4)/4.1 (1.5)	2.2 (0.9)/1.2 (0.6)

Values represent ROM in degrees for an intact specimen in vitro. The applied moment for each study is also provided. In lateral bending and axial rotation, the motion is shown as right/left or total. Numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations, where available