Table 2.

Epidemiologic studies of the association of second hand smoke exposure with cardiovascular disease in low or middle income nations.

CVD type and study	Nation	Study type	Observation years		Population		Exposure	Outcome	Effect measure	Effect size			controlled for CVD risk factors	dose- response pattern
			start	end	cohort or cases (if case control)	controls				main	lower	upper
IHD
He et al. 1989[46]	China	case control		unreported	34 female non-smokers, hospital based	68 female non-smokers: 34 hospital based, 34 population based	Spouse smoked	nonfatal IHD	odds ratio	1.50	1.28	1.77	yes*	yes
He et al. 1994[37]	China	case control	1989	1992	59 female never smokers diagnosed with IHD, employed full-time, hospital based	126 female never smokers, employed full-time, hospital and community based	Spousal or workplace exposure	nonfatal IHD	odds ratio	2.36	1.01	5.55	yes†	yes
McGhee et al. 2005[12]	China (Hong Kong)	case control	1988	1998	584 IHD deaths in persons age ≥60 years from death registries	763 living contemporaries age ≥60 years giving information at the same time	Smoker in the household	IHD death	odds ratio	1.35	1.03	1.76	no	yes
He et al. 2008[13]	China	case control	2001	2002	431 female never smokers aged 60 or older, population based	778 female never smokers aged 60 or older, population based	Home or workplace	nonfatal IHD	odds ratio	1.69	1.31	2.18	yes‡	yes
Ding et al. 2009[14]	China (Hong Kong)	case control	2004	2007	314 female never smokers with IHD, hospital based	319 female never smokers, hospital based	Household	nonfatal IHD	odds ratio	1.52	1.01	2.27	yes¶	yes
Ciruzzi et al. 1998[36]	Argentina	case control	1991	1994	336 never-smokers with first episode of acute MI, hospital based, median age 66 years	446 never-smokers, hospital base, median age 65 years	Spouse and children smoked	nonfatal MI	odds ratio	1.68	1.20	2.37	yes§	yes
Sulo et al. 2008[15]	Albania	case control	2003	2006	169 married never smokers with acute coronary syndrome, aged 35–74 years, hospital based	323 married never smokers, aged 35–74, population based	Spouse smoked	nonfatal acute coronary syndrome	odds ratio	1.60	0.95	2.70	yes**	no
Rossi et al. 2010[16]	Costa Rica	case control	1994	2004	2,094 cases with first acute MI, 1543 men and 551 women, hospital based	2,094 controls matched by age, sex, area of residence, population-based	Smoker in the household	acute non-fatal MI	odds ratio	1.17	1.00	1.37	no	no
Stroke
McGhee et al. 2005[12]	Hong Kong	case control	1988	1998	597 stroke deaths in persons age ≥60 yearsfrom death registries	763 living contemporaries age ≥60 years giving information at the same time	Smoker in the household	stroke death	odds ratio	1.49	1.15	1.94	no	yes
Zhang et al. 2005[17]	China	case control	1997	2000	526 female married never smokers reporting stroke history, aged 40–70 years	59,851 female married never smokers without stroke history, aged 40–70 years	Spouse smoked	nonfatal stroke	odds ratio	1.41	1.16	1.72	yes††	yes
Wen et al. 2006[18]	China	cohort	1997	2004	65,180 female never smokers aged 40–70 years at baseline, population-based		Spouse smoking at baseline	stroke death	hazard ratio	1.52	1.08	2.15	no	no
He et al. 2008[13]	China	case control	2001	2002	172 female never smokers aged 60 or older, population based	1,037 female never smokers aged 60 or older, population based	Home or workplace	nonfatal stroke	odds ratio	1.65	1.17	2.32	yes‡	yes

^*Alcohol consumption, exercise, personal and family history of CHD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia

^†Age, hypertension, personality type, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

^‡Age, marital status, education, exercise, alcohol consumption, BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, history of hypertension and diabetes, family history of CHD/stroke

^¶Age, education, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, gout, history of stroke, family history of IHD, physical inactivity, alcohol intake, estrogen use

^§Age, cholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, education, social status, exercise, family history of MI

^**Age, sex, exercise, hypertension, diabetes, family history of CHD, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio

^††Age, education, occupation, family income, alcohol consumption, exercise, BMI, menopausal status, hormone therapy, oral contraceptive use, history of hypertension, diabetes, use of antihypertensive medication or aspirin