Table 1.
Prevalence and cut-off values in whole blood and oral fluids (n = 5401)
| |
Case group (Injured drivers (n = 96) |
Control group (Moving traffic n = 5305) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance | Cut-off in whole blood | Prevalence% (n) | Cut-off in oral fluid | Prevalence% (n) |
|
Any substance |
|
21.9 (21) |
|
3.2 (169) |
|
Alcohol |
0.02 g/kg |
11.5 (11) |
0.02 g/kg |
0.3 (17) |
|
Stimulant drugs |
ng/mL |
9.4 (9) |
ng/mL |
0.5 (25) |
| Methamphetamine |
20 |
5.2 (5) |
410 |
0.2 (13) |
| Amphetamine |
20 |
4.2 (4) |
360 |
0.1 (7) |
| Benzoylecgonine |
50 |
4.2 (4) |
95 |
0.2 (10) |
| Cocaine |
10 |
2.1 (2) |
170 |
0.1 (4) |
| MDMA |
20 |
0 |
270 |
0.0 (1) |
| MDA |
20 |
0 |
220 |
0 |
|
Benzodiazepines |
ng/mL |
7.3 (7) |
ng/mL |
0.8 (43) |
| Diazepam |
57 |
3.1 (3) |
2.0 |
0.5 (25) |
| Clonazepam |
10 |
3.1 (3) |
1.7 |
0.1 (6) |
| Alprazolam |
10 |
3.1 (3) |
3.5 |
0.0 (1) |
| Flunitrazepam |
1.6 |
2.1 (2) |
0.3 |
0.1 (3) |
| Oxazepam |
50 |
0 |
13 |
0.1 (6) |
| Nitrazepam |
7.0 |
0 |
2.0 |
0.1 (5) |
|
Cannabis (THC) |
1.0 ng/mL |
3.1 (3) |
27 ng/mL |
0.7 (39) |
|
Z- Hypnotics |
ng/mL |
2.1 (2) |
ng/mL |
0.9 (49) |
| Zopiclone |
10 |
2.1 (2) |
25 |
0.9 (49) |
| Zolpidem |
37 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
|
Opiates |
ng/mL |
1.0 (1) |
ng/mL |
0.3 (18) |
| Methadone |
10 |
1.0 (1) |
22 |
0.1 (3) |
| Morphine |
10 |
1.0 (1) |
95 |
0.0 (1) |
| Codeine |
10 |
0 |
94 |
0.2 (13) |
| Heroin (6-MAM) |
10 |
0 |
16 |
0.0 (1) |
|
Combinations with alcohol | ||||
| Alcohol and other psychoactive substance(−s) |
4.2 (4) |
|
0 (2) |
|
|
Positive samples with no alcohol | ||||
| 1 non- alcohol substance |
|
3.1 (3) |
|
2.5 (132) |
| 2 non- alcohol substances |
|
4.2 (4) |
|
0.3 (16) |
| 3 or more non- alcohol substances | 3.1 (3) | 0.1 (4) | ||