Table 4.
Association of maternal and infant baseline with infant death rate at different child age in univariable Cox regressions in a cohort of 866 live births in Banfora Health District (Burkina Faso)
| Exposure variables |
0 to 6 months (1sthalf of infancy) |
1-12 months (postneonatal period) |
0 to 12 months (overall infancy) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PYO | No of deaths | MRsa |
HRb |
PYO | No of deaths | MRsa |
HRb |
PYO | No of deaths | MRsa |
HRb |
|
| [95% CI] | [95% CI] | [95% CI] | ||||||||||
| Area of residence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ Banfora |
198.3 |
43 |
217 |
1.7 [0.8-3.5] |
356.3 |
29 |
81 |
1.1 [0.5-2.5] |
387.7 |
56 |
144 |
1.6 [0.8-2.9] |
| ▪ Soubakenedougou |
102.1 |
13 |
127 |
1 |
183.9 |
13 |
70 |
1 |
200.0 |
18 |
90 |
1 |
| ▪ Sideradougou |
106.6 |
19 |
178 |
1.4 [0.7-2.8] |
191.6 |
16 |
83 |
1.2 [0.6-2.4] |
208.6 |
24 |
115 |
1.3 [0.7-2.3] |
| Distance to nearest health facility | ||||||||||||
| ▪ ≤5 km |
192.9 |
44 |
228 |
1.5 [0.9-2.7] |
346.7 |
28 |
81 |
1.0 [0.6-1.7] |
377.5 |
55 |
146 |
1.4 [0.9-2.2] |
| ▪ >5 km |
214. |
31 |
145 |
1 |
385.2 |
30 |
79 |
1 |
418.8 |
43 |
103 |
1 |
| Maternal age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ <20 |
61.9 |
12 |
193 |
1.6 [0.5-5.2] |
111.8 |
9 |
80 |
3.1 [0.6-15.0] |
121.6 |
17 |
140 |
1.9 [0.6-6.5] |
| ▪ 20-35 |
302.4 |
58 |
192 |
1 |
542.6 |
47 |
87 |
1 |
590.6 |
75 |
127 |
1 |
| ▪ >35 |
42.6 |
5 |
11 |
1.6 [0.6-4.1 |
77.4 |
2 |
26 |
3.3 [1.0-11.2] |
84.1 |
6 |
71 |
1.7 [0.7-4.4] |
| Maternal parity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ 0 |
63.8 |
15 |
235 |
1.4 [0.6-3.2] |
115.0 |
10 |
87 |
1.0 [0.4-2.3] |
125.2 |
19 |
152 |
1.3 [0.6-2.8] |
| ▪ 1 |
65.9 |
13 |
197 |
1.2 [0.5-2.9] |
118.8 |
11 |
51 |
1.1. [0.4 2.9] |
129.2 |
17 |
131 |
1.1 [0.5-2.6] |
| ▪ 2-4 |
193.1 |
31 |
160 |
1.2 [0.6-2.1 |
346.3 |
29 |
58 |
1 |
376.9 |
43 |
114 |
1 |
| ▪ 5+ |
84.0 |
16 |
190 |
1 |
151.8 |
8 |
26 |
0.6 [0.3-1.3] |
165.0 |
19 |
115 |
1.0 [0.6-1.7] |
| History of child deathc |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ Yes |
201.1 |
40 |
199 |
1.4 [0.8-2.3] |
359.6 |
35 |
97 |
1.8 [0.8-4.2] |
391.5 |
54 |
138 |
1.5 [1.0-2.3] |
| ▪ No |
142.0 |
20 |
141 |
1 |
257.3 |
13 |
50 |
1 |
279.5 |
25 |
89 |
1 |
| Polygynous household |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ Yes |
194.3 |
47 |
242 |
1.8 [1.0-3.3] |
345.6 |
37 |
107 |
1.9 [0.9-4.1] |
376.7 |
61 |
162 |
1.8 [1.0-3.3] |
| ▪ No |
212.6 |
28 |
131 |
1 |
386.3 |
21 |
54 |
1 |
419.6 |
37 |
88 |
1 |
| Maternal education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ None |
326.8 |
61 |
187 |
1.5 [0.7-3.3] |
586.5 |
49 |
83 |
3.8 [0.5-27.0] |
638.4 |
78 |
122 |
2.0 [0.9-4.3] |
| ▪ Literacy/primary school |
55.2 |
11 |
199 |
1.6 [0.6-4.6]1 |
99.8 |
8 |
80 |
3.6 [0.4-32.0] |
108.5 |
17 |
157 |
2.5 [1.0-6.4] |
| ▪ Secondary school |
24.9 |
3 |
120 |
1 |
45.5 |
1 |
22 |
1 |
49.4 |
3 |
61 |
1 |
| Socio-economic statusd |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ Q1 (most poor) |
86.6 |
13 |
150 |
1 |
157.4 |
8 |
51 |
1 |
171.1 |
17 |
99 |
1 |
| ▪ Q2 |
73.5 |
21 |
286 |
1.9 [0.8-4.6] |
131.2 |
12 |
91 |
1.8 [0.7-4.5] |
142.9 |
26 |
182 |
1.8 [0.8-4.1] |
| ▪ Q3 |
83.8 |
16 |
191 |
1.3 [0.6-2.7] |
150.1 |
13 |
87 |
1.7 [0.7-4.2] |
163.5 |
21 |
128 |
1.3 [0.7-2.4] |
| ▪ Q4 |
83.5 |
11 |
132 |
0.9 [0.4-2.1] |
151.6 |
8 |
53 |
1.0 [0.3-3.5] |
164.5 |
14 |
85 |
0.8 [0.4-1.9] |
| ▪Q5 (less poor) |
79.5 |
14 |
176 |
1.2 [0.6-2.3] |
141.5 |
17 |
120 |
2.3 [1.1-4.9] |
154.2 |
20 |
130 |
1.3 [08–2.0] |
| Mother sleeps under bednet |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ Yes |
156.7 |
25 |
159 |
1 |
284.1 |
16 |
56 |
1 |
308.7 |
32 |
103 |
1 |
| ▪ No |
250.2 |
50 |
200 |
1.2 [0.6-2.5] |
447.8 |
42 |
94 |
1.6 [1.0-2.8] |
487.6 |
66 |
135 |
1.3 [0.7-2.2] |
| Antenatal care visit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| · 0 |
112.2 |
20 |
178 |
1.2 [0.5-2.7] |
203.1 |
13 |
64 |
0.9 [0.4-1.7] |
221.0 |
25 |
113 |
1.1 [0.6-2.0] |
| · 1-2 |
218.2 |
44 |
201 |
1.4 [0.7-2.7] |
390.5 |
35 |
89 |
1.2 [0.7-2.1] |
425.1 |
58 |
136 |
1.3 [0.8-2.2] |
| · >2 |
76.5 |
11 |
144 |
1 |
138.2 |
10 |
72 |
1 |
150.2 |
15 |
100 |
1 |
| Birth attendant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ Health personnel |
154.2 |
28 |
181 |
1 |
275.4 |
31 |
112 |
1 |
299.7 |
41 |
137 |
1 |
| ▪ TBA/family/other |
252.7 |
47 |
186 |
1.0 [0.7-1.5] |
456.5 |
27 |
59 |
0.5 [0.3-8] |
496.6 |
57 |
115 |
0.8 [0.6-1.2] |
| Season of delivery |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ Dry season (Nov-Apr) |
189.1 |
40 |
211 |
1.3 [0.9-2.0] |
339.7 |
26 |
76 |
0.9 [0.6-1.3] |
369.6 |
50 |
135 |
1.2 [0.8-1.7] |
| ▪ Rainy season (May-Oct) |
217.8 |
35 |
160 |
1 |
392.2 |
32 |
81 |
1 |
426.7 |
48 |
112 |
1 |
| Sex of newborn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ Girl |
201.7 |
32 |
158 |
1 |
362.8 |
29 |
80 |
1 |
394.6 |
48 |
121 |
1 |
| ▪ Boy |
205.2 |
43 |
209 |
1.3 [0.8-2.1] |
369.0 |
29 |
78 |
1.0 [0.6-1.6] |
401.7 |
50 |
124 |
1.0 [0.7-1.5] |
| Twin births |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ▪ Yes |
13.3 |
18 |
1349 |
8.3 [4.8-14.5] |
21.5 |
10 |
465 |
6.7 [3.12.7] |
24.0 |
21 |
876 |
7.7 [4.6-12.8] |
| ▪ No |
393.6 |
57 |
145 |
1 |
710.4 |
48 |
67 |
1 |
772.3 |
77 |
100 |
1 |
| Low anthropometric z-scores at week-3e | ||||||||||||
| · Yes |
101.9 |
18 |
177 |
4.0 [1.5-10.5] |
180.3 |
25 |
138 |
3.2 [1.8-5.7] |
196.5 |
27 |
137 |
3.2 [1.8-5.9] |
| · No | 253.1 | 11 | 43 | 1 | 461.0 | 20 | 43 | 1 | 500.2 | 21 | 42 | 1 |
aMortality rates (MRs) per 1000 person-years of observation (PYO).
bAll crude analyses adjusted for the cluster-design of the main EBF-study and estimates of HRs are with robust standard errors.
cRestricted only to multiparous mothers.
dSee Table 1 for computation of the index of household assets.
eApplicable only to those with weight or height measured at week-3 visit (±7 days, N = 723).