Table 2.
Significant activity observed in typically developing children for each contrast of interest
| Anatomical region | Peak (MNI; mm) | Extent (voxels) | Max (t) | Cluster (P) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Still frame with speech versus Still frame without speech (STILLsp>STILLo; baseline) | ||||||
| L superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, middle temporal gyrus, Heschl's gyrus, and Rolandic operculum | −52 | −20 | 6 | 3096 | 17.8 | <0.001 |
| −60 | −8 | −2 | 12.67 | |||
| R superior temporal gyrus, sulcus, and pole, middle temporal pole, and Heschl's gyrus | 64 | −8 | 2 | 1508 | 11.20 | <0.001 |
| 48 | −26 | 8 | 9.69 | |||
| L precuneus | −6 | −60 | 24 | 561 | 9.64 | <0.001 |
| L gyrus rectus and bilateral medial orbital gyri | 0 | 34 | −18 | 329 | 9.39 | <0.001 |
| L posterior middle temporal gyrus and angular gyrus | −48 | −68 | 24 | 200 | 4.95 | <0.004 |
| L medial superior frontal gyrus | −4 | 56 | 12 | 190 | 5.11 | <0.006 |
| Beat gesture with speech versus Still frame without speech (BGsp>STILLo; baseline) | ||||||
| L superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, middle temporal gyrus, | −44 | −26 | 4 | 4687 | 15.40 | <0.001 |
| Heschl's gyrus, middle and inferior occipital gyri, and angular gyrus | −60 | −16 | 4 | 12.68 | ||
| R superior temporal gyrus, sulcus, and pole, middle temporal gyrus and pole, and Heschl's gyrus | 52 | −4 | −14 | 2606 | 11.53 | <0.001 |
| 66 | −20 | 10 | 9.66 | |||
| L superior and middle frontal gyri | −10 | 36 | 48 | 634 | 10.00 | <0.001 |
| L gyrus rectus | 0 | 38 | −20 | 374 | 7.88 | <0.001 |
| R middle temporal gyrus and middle occipital gyrus | 48 | −62 | 2 | 331 | 5.57 | <0.001 |
| R cerebellum | 14 | −44 | −38 | 160 | 5.61 | <0.019 |
| Nonsense hand movement with speech versus Still frame without speech (NONsp>STILLo; baseline) | ||||||
| L superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, middle temporal gyrus and pole, Heschl's gyrus, Rolandic operculum, and middle and inferior occipital gyri | −58 | −18 | 6 | 6648 | 20.21 | <0.001 |
| −60 | −6 | 0 | 17.10 | |||
| R superior temporal syrus and sulcus, Heschl's gyrus, posterior middle and inferior temporal gyri, and middle and inferior occipital gyri | 46 | −72 | 0 | 3573 | 15.10 | <0.001 |
| 58 | −16 | 6 | 11.04 | |||
| L superior middle frontal gyrus | −4 | 58 | 24 | 256 | 6.68 | <0.001 |
| L inferior orbital frontal gyrus | −40 | 26 | −6 | 247 | 7.62 | <0.001 |
| L fusiform gyrus | −40 | −48 | −18 | 242 | 7.76 | <0.001 |
| Beat gesture without speech versus Still frame without speech (BGo>STILLo; baseline) | ||||||
| L middle occipital gyrus, middle and inferior temporal gyri, and angular gyrus, bilateral middle orbital frontal gyri, and bilateral gyrus rectus | −48 | −76 | 4 | 1204 | 11.37 | <0.001 |
| −6 | 46 | −8 | 537 | 8.91 | <0.001 | |
| L medial superior and superior frontal gyri and bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus | −2 | 56 | 12 | 587 | 7.12 | <0.001 |
| R inferior and middle occipital gyri, and posterior middle and inferior temporal gyri | 46 | −74 | −2 | 507 | 7.11 | <0.001 |
| L inferior orbital frontal gyrus | −36 | 32 | −12 | 234 | 6.68 | <0.001 |
| R middle temporal gyrus and pole and inferior temporal gyrus | 56 | 10 | −24 | 224 | 4.36 | <0.001 |
| Bilateral precuneus, L posterior cingulum | −4 | −50 | 20 | 166 | 5.75 | <0.007 |
| R cuneus, superior occipital gyrus, and calcarine gyrus | 18 | −98 | 8 | 126 | 6.55 | <0.036 |
| Nonsense hand movement without speech versus Still frame without speech (NONo>STILLo; baseline) | ||||||
| R posterior superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri, middle and inferior occipital gyri | 36 | −66 | 8 | 1615 | 10.72 | <0.001 |
| L superior, middle, and inferior orbitofrontal gyri | −44 | 34 | −10 | 514 | 9.84 | <0.001 |
| L posterior middle and inferior temporal gyri, middle and inferior occipital gyri, angular gyrus | −46 | −70 | 4 | 1630 | 9.75 | <0.001 |
| L inferior and superior parietal gyri, postcentral gyrus, supramarginal gyrus | −28 | −40 | 56 | 671 | 9.57 | <0.001 |
| R precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, supramarginal gyrus | 58 | −16 | 44 | 212 | 8.81 | <0.001 |
| L supramarginal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus | −58 | −32 | 26 | 395 | 7.89 | <0.001 |
| R postcentral gyrus | 34 | −32 | 42 | 434 | 7.34 | <0.001 |
| Bilateral gyrus rectus | −6 | 34 | −20 | 147 | 6.69 | <0.013 |
| Beat gesture with speech versus Still frame with speech (BGsp>STILLsp) | ||||||
| R superior temporal gyrus and sulcus | 42 | −56 | 4 | 738 | 6.34 | <0.001 |
| R posterior middle and inferior temporal gyri, middle and inferior occipital gyri | 44 | −74 | −2 | 5.90 | ||
| R posterior middle temporal gyrus, middle and inferior occipital gyri | −50 | −64 | 6 | 573 | 6.28 | <0.001 |
| Nonsense hand movement with speech versus Still frame with speech (NONsp>STILLsp) | ||||||
| R posterior middle and inferior temporal gyri, middle and inferior occipital gyri | 48 | −72 | −2 | 1843 | 12.29 | <0.001 |
| L posterior middle and inferior temporal gyri, middle and inferior occipital gyri | −52 | −76 | 2 | 1508 | 11.11 | <0.001 |
| Beat gesture with speech versus Nonsense hand movement with speech (BGsp>NONsp) | ||||||
| No clusters survived correction for multiple comparisons | ||||||
x, y, and z = the MNI coordinates (mm) corresponding to the left–right, anterior–posterior, and inferior–superior axes, respectively; t, the highest t-score within a region; thresholded at t > 3.36 (P < 0.005); corrected for multiple comparisons at the cluster level (P < 0.05).