Table 1.

Summary of inflammatory models of orofacial pain in rodents. Table shows the different types of orofacial models with an inflammatory component in mice and rats, together with their methodology for induction of the model and behavioral testing. Only studies with behavioral analyses are presented

Animal	Strain	Type of model	Where	Stimulus	Restraint method	References1
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	Formalin	Upper lip injection	Spontaneous grooming behavior observed	None	Clavelou et al. (1989)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	CFA	Intra-TMJ or perioral injection	Von Frey	Animal habituated to stand on its hind paws and lean against the experimenter's hand	Ren and Dubner (1999)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	CFA	Intra-TMJ	Meal-pattern analysis	None	Harper et al. (2000)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	CFA	Masseteric injection	Bite force observed	None	Ro (2005)
Rat	Not mentioned	CFA	Intra-TMJ or perioral injection	Thermal (radiant heat source)	Light anesthesia	Imbe et al. (2001)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	CFA	Intra-TMJ or masseteric injection	Operant behavior paradigm involving measurement of food intake	None	Thut et al. (2007)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	Capsaicin	Vibrissal pad injection	Spontaneous grooming behavior observed	None	Pelissier et al. (2002)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	Mustard oil	Intra-TMJ	Spontaneous grooming behavior observed	None	Hartwig et al. (2003)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	IL-1β	Vibrissal pad (delivered subcutaneously through an implanted catheter)	Air puff	None	Ahn et al. (2004)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	Carageenan	Mid cheek injection	Heat	Operant behavior paradigm	Neubert et al. (2005a)
Rat	Wistar	Carageenan	Upper lip injection	Cold (tetrafluoroethane spray), grooming behavior observed	None – tested in cage	Chichorro et al. (2006)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	Menthol	Mid cheek injection	Cold	Operant behavior paradigm	Rossi et al. (2006)
Rat	Sprague–Dawley	Capsaicin cream	Cheek (topical)	Mechanical	Operant behavior paradigm	Nolan et al. (2011)
Mouse	NMRI	Formalin	Upper–lip injection	Spontaneous grooming behavior observed	None	Luccarini et al. (2006)
Mouse	C57BL/6, BALB/c	Carageenan	Maxillary injection	Von Frey	Animals placed in a large box and stimulated from above	Tang et al. (2009); Vahidy et al. (2006); Yeo et al. (2004)
Mouse	C57BL6 versusTRPV1 k/o	TRPV1 k/o		Heat	Operant behavior paradigm	Neubert et al. (2008)
Mouse	Swiss	Capsaicin/glutamate	Vibrissal pad injection	Spontaneous grooming behavior observed	None	Quintans-Junior et al. (2010)
Mouse	FVBN	CFA	Tempo mandibular joint/masseter muscle injection	Gnawing through a foam or plastic dowel	“Dolognawmeter” set up	Dolan et al. (2010)
Mouse	C57BL/6	CFA	Whisker pad	Von Frey and Air puff	Loose box-restraint	Krzyzanowska et al. (2011)
Mouse	Balb/c and C57BL/6	CFA	Submandibular skin	Von Frey	Animal placed on a mesh floor, covered by a mesh cup	Hanstein et al. (2010)
Mouse	C57BL/6	CFA	Upper lip injection	Thermal (radiant heat source)	Restraint in plastic tube after isofluorane sedation	Shinoda et al. (2011)

CFA, Complete Freund's Adjuvant; TMJ, temporomandibular joint; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1.

¹Only the earliest reference to the model is indicated.