Table 1.

Initial physical characteristics of participants

	Exercise				Control
Variable	Groups (#)	$\overline{x}$±SD	Mdn	Range	Groups (#)	$\overline{x}$±SD	Mdn	Range
Age (yrs)	33	62.9 ± 7.3	60	54 - 80	27	62.2 ± 6.7	60	53 – 80
Height (cm)	22	161.5 ± 3.3	162	152 - 165	19	161.4 ± 3.2	162	152 – 165
Postmenopausal (yrs)	26	13.8 ± 8	11	3 - 30	21	12.9 ± 7.1	10	4 – 30
Body weight (kg)	28	66.4 ± 6.6	68	46 – 78	23	67.2 ± 7.9	68	46 – 84
Body mass index (kg/m2)	21	25.6 ± 2.2	26	20 - 29	18	25.6 ± 2.6	26	20 – 31
Lean body mass (kg)	18	39.2 ± 2.2	39	35 - 43	13	39.1 ± 1.9	39	35 – 42
Fat mass (kg)	6	22.1 ± 5.3	21	17 - 32	4	24.0 ± 8.5	23	15 – 35
Body fat (%)	15	39.3 ± 3.2	39	31 – 44	12	39.1 ± 3.5	39	31 – 46
Calcium intake (mg)	12	846 ± 179	832	609 – 1214	10	868 ± 213	829	626 - 1190
Vitamin D (mcg)	5	5.6 ± 5.1	2	2 - 12	4	5.3 ± 3.9	5	2 – 9
BMD (g/cm2)
- Femoral neck	27	0.749 ± 0.094	0.720	0.580 – 0.925	24	0.766 ± 0.095	0.770	0.590 – 0.927
- Lumbar spine	28	0.957 ± 0.158	0.966	0.595 – 1.180	24	1.00 ± 0.100	1.00	0.600 – 1.200
- Ward’s triangle	8	0.591 ± 0.089	0.575	0.441 – 0.730	6	0.605 ± 0.097	0.598	0.474 – 0.760
- Total hip	13	0.802 ± 0.093	0.840	0.670 – 0.940	11	0.843 ± 0.092	0.869	0.690 – 1.00
- Trochanteric	20	0.659 ± 0.085	0.650	0.510 – 0.806	16	0.682 ± 0.085	0.685	0.520 – 0.840
- Intertrochanteric	11	0.959 ± 0.076	0.986	0.820 – 1.035	7	0.979 ± 0.068	0.990	0.850 – 1.00
- Whole body	8	1.033 ± 0.073	0.99	0.970 – 1.130	7	1.043 ± 0.070	1.002	0.980 – 1.130
- Radius - 1/3	4	0.600 ± 0.028	0.610	0.560 – 0.620	3	0.603 ± 0.012	0.610	0.590 – 0.610
- Radius – mid	4	0.523 ± 0.015	0.530	0.500 – 0.530	3	0.520 ± 0.017	0.530	0.500 – 0.530
- Radius – ultradistal	4	0.363 ± 0.005	0.360	0.360 – 0.370	3	0.363 ± 0.006	0.360	0.360 – 0.370

Notes: Groups (#), number of groups in which data were available; $\overline{x}$±SD, mean ± standard deviation; Mdn, Median; BMD, bone mineral density; Baseline data for aerobic fitness, balance and muscular strength not reported because of the different metrics used in the studies.