Table 3.
Changes in primary and secondary outcomes
| Variablea | Studies (#) | ES (#) | Participants (#) | (95% CI) | Z(p) | Q(p) | I2 (%) | 95% PI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | ||||||||
| - Femoral neck |
21 |
28 |
1632 |
0.288 (0.102, 0.474) |
3.03(0.002)* |
90.5(p <0.0001)* |
70.1 |
−0.568, 1.142 |
| - Lumbar spine |
21 |
28 |
1504 |
0.179 (−0.003, 0.361) |
1.93(0.05)* |
77.7(<0.0001)* |
65.3 |
−0.614, 0.972 |
| Secondary | ||||||||
| - Ward’s triangle |
6 |
8 |
252 |
0.260 (−0.405, 0.613) |
0.40(0.69) |
28.1(<0.0001)* |
75.1 |
−1.567, 1.775 |
| - Total hip |
10 |
14 |
734 |
0.232 (0.073, 0.391) |
2.86(0.004)* |
17.6(0.18) |
26.0 |
−0.149, 0.613 |
| - Trochanteric |
14 |
21 |
1085 |
0.222 (0.107, 0.337) |
3.79(<0.0001)* |
18.3(0.57) |
0 |
0.099, 0.345 |
| - Intetrochanteric |
6 |
10 |
399 |
0.241 (0.058, 0.425) |
2.58(0.01)* |
8.3(0.50) |
0 |
0.024, 0.458 |
| - Whole body |
6 |
7 |
246 |
0.121 (−0.055, 0.298) |
1.35(0.18) |
2.7(0.85) |
0 |
−0.110, 0.352 |
| - Radius - 1/3 |
2 |
4 |
182 |
0.048 (−0.329, 0.424) |
0.25(0.81) |
5.8(0.12) |
48.2 |
−1.365, 1.461 |
| - Radius – mid |
2 |
4 |
182 |
0.153 (−0.262, 0.568) |
0.72(0.47) |
7.0(0.07)** |
57.2 |
−1.496, 1.802 |
| - Radius – ultradistal |
2 |
4 |
182 |
0.263 (−0.239, 0.765) |
1.03(0.31) |
10.1(0.02)* |
70.3 |
−1.886, 2.412 |
| - Aerobic fitness |
5 |
8 |
198 |
1.146 (0.31, 1.930) |
2.86(0.004)* |
47.0(p <0.0001)* |
85.1 |
−1.539, 3.831 |
| - Dynamic balance |
4 |
5 |
95 |
1.39 (0.766, 2.014) |
4.37(<0.0001)* |
18.9(0.001)* |
78.9 |
−0.856, 3.636 |
| - Static balance |
5 |
7 |
112 |
0.841 (0.228, 1.454) |
2.69(0.007)* |
40.9(<0.0001)* |
85.3 |
−1.254, 2.936 |
| - Body weight (kg) |
11 |
17 |
594 |
−0.03 (−0.4, 0.4) |
−0.15(0.88) |
13.0(0.67) |
0 |
−0.5, 0.4 |
| - Body mass index (kg/m2) |
8 |
11 |
511 |
−0.2 (−0.8, 0.4) |
−0.69(0.49) |
109.9(<0.0001)* |
90.9 |
−2.3, 1.9 |
| - Lean body mass (kg) |
7 |
10 |
461 |
0.4 (−0.06, 0.9) |
1.72(0.09)** |
23.8(0.005)* |
62.1 |
−1.0, 1.9 |
| - Fat mass (kg) |
4 |
6 |
230 |
−0.5 (−1.2, 0.2) |
−1.48(0.14) |
11.0(0.05)* |
54.6 |
−2.4, 1.4 |
| - Body fat (%) |
5 |
7 |
211 |
−1.7 (−2.8, -0.8) |
−3.58(<0.0001)* |
13.1(0.04)* |
54.1 |
−4.4, 0.8 |
| - Strength (upper body) |
7 |
9 |
300 |
2.01 (1.08, 2.95) |
4.24(<0.0001)* |
97.8(<0.0001)* |
97.8 |
−1.33, 5.36 |
| - Strength (lower body) |
9 |
12 |
482 |
1.58 (0.91, 2.24) |
4.67(<0.0001)* |
120.9(<0.0001)* |
90.9 |
−1.00, 4.10 |
| - Calcium intake (mg) |
5 |
7 |
319 |
10.1 (−15.8, 35.9) |
0.76(0.45) |
0.3(1.0) |
0 |
−23.9, 44.0 |
| - Vitamin D (mcg) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Notes: aUnless noted otherwise, all outcomes are reported as standardized effect size (g); ES, effect size; #, number; Z(p), z-score and alpha value; Q(p), Cochran’s Q statistic and alpha value; I2 (%), I-squared; PI, prediction intervals. *, statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05; **trend for statistical significance (p >0.05 to ≤ 0.10); --, Insufficient data reported (< 3 ES’s).