Table 2.
Association of silymain use with liver disease progression in 1049 participants of the HALT-C trial.
| Categories | Non-users | Former users | Current users | p-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| TPI + clinical outcomes* | Cohort, No. (%) | 661 (66.6) | 165 (16.6) | 167 (16.8) | |
| Case, No. (%) | 271 (70.6) | 60 (15.6) | 53 (13.8) | ||
| Crude, RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) | 0.73 (0.54–0.98) | 0.029 | |
| Multivariate #1,† RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 0.73 (0.54–0.99) | 0.038 | |
| Multivariate #2,‡ RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.74 (0.56–0.99) | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 0.089 | |
|
| |||||
| TPI | Cohort, No. (%) | 368 (67.3) | 91 (16.6) | 88 (16.1) | |
| Case, No. (%) | 116 (76.3) | 21 (13.8) | 15 (9.9) | ||
| Crude, RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.75 (0.47–1.19) | 0.54 (0.32–0.93) | 0.015 | |
| Multivariate #1,† RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.75 (0.47–1.20) | 0.56 (0.32–0.97) | 0.025 | |
| Multivariate #2,‡ RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) | 0.57 (0.33–1.00) | 0.042 | |
|
| |||||
| Clinical outcomes | Cohort, No. (%) | 701 (66.8) | 178 (17.0) | 170 (16.2) | |
| Case, No. (%) | 187 (68.3) | 46 (16.8) | 41 (15.0) | ||
| Crude, RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (0.73–1.38) | 0.86 (0.61–1.20) | 0.42 | |
| Multivariate #1,† RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.07 (0.77–1.48) | 0.89 (0.63–1.26) | 0.65 | |
| Multivariate #2,‡ RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.77 (0.54–1.08) | 1.09 (0.77–1.56) | 0.89 | |
Abbreviations: TPI, two point increase in Ishak fibrosis score; No, Number; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval.
Excluding 56 participants with fibrosis at baseline who did not receive follow-up biopsies or have a clinical outcome.
Adjusted for continuous age, lifetime alcohol use, and coffee intake along with categorical variables for education (high school or less, some post high school, completed college), race/ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and other), sex, diabetes, and ever use of other herbal products besides silymarin, such as green tea, garlic, ginsing, and Echinacea.
Additionally adjusted for continuous mental and physical SF-36 quality of life scores, AST/ALT ratio, albumin, platelets, bilirubin, as well as categorical variables for cirrhosis status at baseline and presence or absence of esophageal varices.