TABLE 3—
Relationship of Food Insufficiency, Financial Insufficiency, and Work–Family Spillover to Depressive Symptoms in the Overall Population: Work, Family, and Health Network Study, Massachusetts, 2006–2007
| Predictor | Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 2, OR (95% CI) | Model 3, OR (95% CI) | Model 4, OR (95% CI) | Model 5, OR (95% CI) |
| Food insufficiency | 2.10 (1.10, 4.18) | ||||
| Yes | 3.88 (2.25, 6.68) | 2.78 (1.47, 5.27) | |||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Financial strain | |||||
| Yes | 2.94 (1.87, 4.67) | 2.34 (1.38, 3.96) | 1.82 (1.03, 3.21) | ||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Work–family spillover | |||||
| Yes | 2.08 (1.26, 3.44) | 1.78 (1.01, 3.12) | 1.60 (0.90, 2.84) | ||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Job strain | |||||
| Yes | 2.18 (1.35, 3.53) | 1.16 (0.64, 2.09) | 1.31 (0.73, 2.36) | 1.18 (0.65, 2.13) | 1.12 (0.61, 2.06) |
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Frequent pain | |||||
| Yes | 1.98 (1.13, 3.47) | 2.58 (1.36, 4.89) | 2.39 (1.25, 4.58) | 2.38 (1.25, 4.53) | 2.33 (1.21, 4.48) |
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Social support (continuous) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.89) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) |
| Adjusted household income, $ | . | ||||
| Low (< 21 000) | 2.55 (1.45, 4.47) | 1.09 (0.52, 2.26) | 1.06 (0.51, 2.23) | 1.40 (0.68, 2.88) | 0.93 (0.44, 1.99) |
| Middle (21 000–37 500) | 1.35 (0.75, 2.41) | 0.86 (0.44, 1.69) | 0.87 (0.44, 1.72) | 0.95 (0.48, 1.87) | 0.81 (0.41, 1.61) |
| High (> 37 500) (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 0.61 (0.86, 3.01) | 1.95 (0.97, 3.93) | 1.92 (0.94, 3.91) | 1.99 (0.98, 4.06) | 1.91 (0.93, 3.89) |
| Male (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Education | |||||
| ≤ high school or GED | 1.44 (0.93, 2.22) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.70) | 1.08 (0.63, 1.85) | 1.07 (0.62, 1.84) | 1.01 (0.58, 1.76) |
| > high school (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2.24 (0.36, 3.69) | 2.52 (0.98, 6.49) | 2.31 (0.88, 6.07) | 2.56 (0.99, 6.66) | 2.35 (0.89, 6.20) |
| Hispanic/other race | 1.52 (0.84, 2.74) | 1.71 (0.69, 4.21) | 1.66 (0.66, 4.16) | 1.63 (0.65, 4.07) | 1.68 (0.67, 4.22) |
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Immigrant status | |||||
| Foreign born | 1.58 (1.01, 2.46) | 0.64 (0.28, 1.47) | 0.66 (0.28, 1.55) | 0.68 (0.29, 1.57) | 0.67 (0.29, 1.57) |
| US born (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Model statistics | |||||
| −2LL | 1966.79 | 1979.46 | 1974.23 | 1984.64 | |
Note. CI = confidence interval; GED = general equivalency diploma; LL = log of likelihood; OR = odds ratio. Model 1 was the crude model; models 2–5 also controlled for age, marital status, and presence of a child younger than 19 years in the household (none of which were significant at the .05 level). The main predictors in models 2–4 were food insufficiency, financial strain, and work–family spillover, respectively. Model 5 included all predictors.