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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 29.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012 Mar 29;35:287–308. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150512

Figure 2. Time course of signals related to different state value functions during decision making.

Figure 2

(a) Signals related to the state value functions before (red) and after (blue) decision making in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; Kim et al. 2008, Kim & Lee 2011) and striatum (Cai et al. 2011) during an intertemporal choice task. These two state value functions correspond to the average of the action value functions for two options and the chosen value, respectively. During these studies, monkeys chose between a small immediate reward and a large delayed reward, and the magnitude of neural signals related to different value functions were estimated by the coefficient of partial determination (CPD). Lines correspond to the mean CPD for all the neurons recorded in each brain area with the shaded area corresponding to the standard error of the mean. (b) Proportion of neurons carrying chosen value signals in the rodent lateral (AGl) and medial (AGm) agranular cortex, corresponding to the primary and secondary motor cortex, respectively, dorsal (DS) and ventral (VS) striatum, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), prelimbic (PLC)/infralimbic (ILC) cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). During these studies (Kim et al. 2009, Sul et al. 2010, 2011), the rats performed a dynamic foraging task. Large symbols indicate that the proportions are significantly (p<0.05) above the chance level.