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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 29.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012 Mar 29;35:287–308. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150512

Figure 3. Time course of signals related to the animal’s choice, its outcome, and action-outcome conjunction in multiple brain areas of primates and rodents.

Figure 3

(a) Spatial layout of the choice targets during a matching pennies task used in single-neuron recording experiments in monkeys. (b) Brain regions tested during the studies on monkeys (Barraclough et al. 2004, Seo & Lee 2007, Seo et al. 2009). ACCd, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; LIP, lateral intraparietal cortex. (c) Fraction of neurons significantly modulating their activity according to the animal’s choice (top), its outcome (middle), and choice-outcome conjunction (bottom) during the current (trial lag =0) and 3 previous trials (trial lags =1~3). (d) Modified T-maze used in a rodent dynamic foraging task. (e) Anatomical areas tested in single-neuron recording experiments in rodents (Kim et al. 2009, Sul et al. 2010, 2011). Same abbreviations as in Figure 2b. (f) Fraction of neurons significantly modulating their activity according to the animal’s choice (top), its outcome (middle), and choice-outcome conjunction (bottom) during the current (lag =0) and previous trials (lag =1). Large symbols indicate that the proportions are significantly (p<0.05) above the chance level.