Figure 5. Neuronal activity related to hypothetical outcomes in the primate orbitofrontal cortex.

(a) Rock-paper-sciossors task used for single-neuron recording studies in monkeys (Abe & Lee 2011). (b) An example neuron recorded in the orbitofrontal cortex that modulated its activity according to the magnitude of reward that was available from the unchosen winning target (indicated by ‘W’ in the top panels). The spike density function of this neuron was estimated separately according to the position of the winning target (columns), the position of the target chosen by the animal (rows), and the magnitude of the reward available from the winning target (colors).