Table 4.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Infection
| Unadjusted Analysis |
Adjusted Analysis |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P |
| Symptom | ||||
| Genital ulcers | 0 | … | … | … |
| Discharge | 1.04 (.24–4.58) | .9594 | 0.59 (.12–3.00) | .5283 |
| Laboratory diagnosis | ||||
| BV | 2.04 (.90–4.63) | .0892 | 1.69 (.71–4.06) | .2375 |
| HSV-2 serology | 1.30 (.31–5.52) | .7234 | 2.12 (.43–10.50) | .3558 |
| HSV-2 (by PCR) | 1.96 (.26–14.59) | .5108 | 1.42 (.18–11.44) | .7426 |
| T. pallidum | 0a | … | … | … |
| T. vaginalis | 1.78 (.71–4.50) | .2203 | 1.74 (.62–4.92) | .2935 |
| N. gonorrhoeae | 7.74 (2.82–21.24) | <.0001 | 4.62 (1.34–15.93) | .0154 |
| C. trachomatis | 3.99 (1.19–13.39) | .0250 | 0.90 (.18–4.63) | .9006 |
| M. genitalium | 4.49 (1.04–19.44) | .0446 | 4.08 (.83–20.19) | .0846 |
| Any STI (excluding HSV-2 and BV) | 3.27 (1.49–7.21) | .0033 | … | … |
| No. of concurrent STIs (excluding HSV-2 and BV) | ||||
| 1 | 2.93 (1.26–6.82) | .0124 | … | … |
| ≥2 | 6.15 (1.72–22.03) | .0053 | … | … |
The multivariate model adjusted for all laboratory-diagnosed STIs and clinical symptoms, as well as for demographic and behavioral factors (data not shown).
Abbreviations: BV, bacterial vaginosis; C. trachomatis, Chlamydia trachomatis; HR, hazard ratio; HSV-2, herpes simplex virus 2; Mycoplasma genitalium, M. genitalium; N. gonorrhoeae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; T. pallidum, Treponema pallidum; T. vaginalis, Trichomonas vaginalis.
a Participants who tested positive for T. pallidum remained HIV uninfected, and a HR could not be calculated.