Table 1.
Subject characteristics*
| Characteristic | Men (n = 893) | Women (n = 1454) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) |
42.6 ± 14.9 |
43.3 ± 14.2 |
NS |
| Family history of diabetes (%) |
11.9 |
12.3 |
NS |
| Cigarette smoking (%) |
49.7 |
4.3 |
< 0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking (%) |
55.5 |
11.5 |
< 0.001 |
| Education |
|
|
|
| College or above (%) |
32.6 |
25.0 |
< 0.01 |
| Middle school (%) |
39.1 |
40.1 |
NS |
| Primary school or below (%) |
28.3 |
34.9 |
< 0.01 |
| Income (per year) |
|
|
|
| ≥10000 yuan RMB (%) |
32.7 |
27.6 |
< 0.01 |
| <10000 yuan RMB (%) |
67.3 |
72.4 |
< 0.01 |
| Regular leisure-time physical activity (%) |
58.5 |
62.6 |
NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
22.7 ± 3.2 |
22.3 ± 3.4 |
NS |
| WC (cm) |
81.1 ± 9.7 |
78.1 ± 9.8 |
NS |
| WHR |
0.88 ± 0.08 |
0.82 ± 0.08 |
0.019 |
| SBP (mmHg) |
115.7 ± 16.5 |
111.3 ± 17.7 |
NS |
| fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) |
83.5 ± 9.6 |
83.2 ± 9.1 |
NS |
| 0.5-h plasma glucose (mg/dl) |
143.4 ± 30.4 |
135.7 ± 28.1 |
NS |
| 2-h plasma glucose (mg/dl) |
96.2 ± 21.6 |
99.3 ± 19.1 |
NS |
| Fasting insulin(μU/ml) |
6.3 (4.4, 8.8) |
6.6 (4.7, 9.3) |
NS |
| 0.5-h insulin (μU/ml) |
28.4 (13.2, 42.1) |
33.2 (13.0, 48.2) |
< 0.01 |
| 2-h insulin (μU/ml) |
15.2 (8.0, 28.8) |
19.4 (11.3, 37.1) |
0.023 |
| TC (mg/dl) |
173.9 ± 35 |
176.1 ± 38.2 |
NS |
| TG (mg/dl) |
98.2 (74.3, 136.3) |
112.4 (81.4, 165.5) |
0.01 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) |
48.2 ± 16.4 |
52.5 ± 13.9 |
NS |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 106.3 ± 30.9 | 105.1 ± 31.9 | NS |
Data were expressed as means ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or percentage for normally distributed continuous various, abnormally distributed continuous variables, and categorical variables, respectively. Abnormally distributed variables were logarithmically transformed before analysis. Between-group comparisons were conducted using Student’s t test or χ2 tests. NS: not significant; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist/hip ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol. Cigarette smoking was defined as having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in one’s lifetime. Alcohol consumption was defined as consumption of ≥ 30 g of alcohol per week for 1 year or more. Regular leisure-time physical activity was defined as participation in ≥ 30 min of moderate or vigorous activity per day at least 3 days per week.