Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of the Participants, Total Patient Number = 117
| Characteristics |
EN (N = 55) |
Non-EN (N = 62) |
P-value‡ |
PST (N = 57) |
Non-PST (N = 60) |
P-value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) mean ± sd† | n (%) mean ± sd† | n (%) mean ± sd† | n (%) mean ± sd† | |||
|
Frailty-Related Characteristics | ||||||
| CCSHA_CFS TV |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| well, with treated co-morbid diseases (3) |
24 (44) |
23 (37 ) |
0.719 |
24 (42) |
23 (38) |
0.755 |
| apparently vulnerable (4) |
25 (45) |
30 (48) |
|
27 (47) |
28 (7) |
|
| mildly frail (5) + moderately frail (6) |
6 (11) |
9 (15) |
|
6 (11) |
9 (15) |
|
| CHS_PCF categorization |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| pre-frail (1–2) |
46 (84) |
56 (90) |
0.280 |
48 (84) |
54 (90) |
0.349 |
| frail (3–5) |
9 (16) |
6 (10) |
|
9 (16 ) |
6 (10 ) |
|
| CHS_PCF characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Weight loss (yes) |
18 (33) |
12 (19) |
0.098 |
12 (21 ) |
18 (3) |
0.268 |
| Exhaustion (yes) |
25 (45 ) |
23 (37) |
0.359 |
22 (39) |
26(43) |
0.603 |
| Low activity level (yes) |
3 (5) |
6 (10) |
0.498 |
5(9) |
4(7) |
0.739 |
| Slowness (yes) |
10(18) |
12(9) |
0.871 |
15 (26) |
7 (12) |
0.043 |
| Weakness (yes) |
33 (60) |
50 (81) |
0.014 |
42 (74) |
41 (68) |
0.524 |
|
Demographics | ||||||
| Age (y/o) |
70.9 ± 3.7 |
71.9 ± 3.7 |
0.158 |
71.5 ±3.7 |
71.3 ± 3.9 |
0.673 |
| Female sex |
33(60) |
36(58) |
0.832 |
33(58) |
36 (60) |
0.817 |
|
Health-Related Characteristics | ||||||
| Number of chronic conditions§(N = 114) |
4.0 ± 2.1 |
3.1 ± 2.2 |
0.022 |
3.8 ± 2.4 |
3.2 ± 1.9 |
0.184 |
| MMSE |
24.8 ± 3.9 |
24.1 ± 3.9 |
0.358 |
24.7 ± 3.8 |
24.2 ± 4.0 |
0.552 |
| PRIME-MD |
2.1 ± 3.2 |
2.8 ± 3.5 |
0.229 |
2.7 ± 3.3 |
2.3 ± 3.4 |
0.469 |
| Barthel Index |
98.8 ± 3.7 |
97.9 ± 5.4 |
0.284 |
98.2 ± 5.4 |
98.4 ± 4.0 |
0.846 |
| EQ-5D |
0.94 ± 0.08 |
0.94 ± 0.08 |
0.969 |
0.95 ± 0.08 |
0.93 ± 0.08 |
0.246 |
| Healthcare-resource utilization |
1.5 ± 1.7 |
1.7 ± 2.2 |
0.517 |
1.6 ± 1.7 |
1.7 ± 2.2 |
0.846 |
|
Body Composition, and Musculoskeletal System Characteristics | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) |
25.0 ± 3.3 |
25.8 ± 3.9 |
0.229 |
25.0 ± 3.8 |
25.8 ± 3.5 |
0.251 |
| FFM (kg) |
42.3 ± 7.0 |
43.6 ± 7. 9 |
0.345 |
42.2 ± 7.3 |
43.7 ± 7.6 |
0.275 |
| Compres sion Fracture form Spine XRAY |
53 (96) |
58 (94) |
0.683 |
54 (95) |
57 (95) |
1.000 |
| BMD (T-score)∥ (N = 115) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| > −1 |
13 (25) |
10(16) |
0.262 |
13 (23) |
10(17) |
0.401 |
| ≦ −1 |
40 (75) |
52 (84) |
|
43 (77) |
49 (83) |
|
| Left one leg stand time (sec) (N = 111) |
5.7 ± 6.9 |
5.8 ± 5.9 |
0.949 |
5.3 ± 6.7 |
6.2 ± 6.0 |
0.483 |
| Dominant leg extension power (kg) |
26.3 ± 5.1 |
25.2 ± 6.8 |
0.295 |
23.9 ± 6.5 |
27.4 ± 5.1 |
0.002 |
|
Blood Examination | ||||||
| 25(OH) Vitamin D (ng/mL) (N = 109) | 17.8 ± 5.3 | 17.2 ± 6.2 | 0.558 | 17.9 ± 5.5 | 17.2 ± 6.0 | 0.514 |
†:Categorical data:n (%);Continuous variables:mean ± sd.
‡:Categorical data:χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test;Continuous variables: t-test.
§:From 27 diseases.
¶:Emergency room visits, hospitalizations, or clinic visits in the past 3 months.
∥:The minimum T-score of either the femoral neck or the spinal mean at L2–L4.
BMD:Bone Mineral Density, BMI: Body mass index, CCSHA_CFS TV:Chinese Canadian Study of Health and Aging_Clinical Frailty Scale Telephone Version, CHS_PCF:Cardiovascular Health Study_Phenotypical Classifica tion of Frailty, EN:Exercise and Nutrition, EQ-5D:EuroQol Quality of Life Scale, FFM:Fat Free Mass, MMSE:Mini-Mental State Examination, PRIME-MD:Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders, PST:Problem Solving Therapy.