Table 5.
Associations between whether helmet was worn and trip or personal characteristics, variables retained in adjusted analysis only, each variable on its own (unadjusted) and in multiple logistic regression (adjusted)
| |
Helmet worn |
|
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes/No | (% Yes/% No)* | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |
|
City |
|
|
|
|
| Vancouver |
315/99 |
(76/24) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
| Toronto |
163/113 |
(59/41) |
0.46 (0.33 – 0.64) |
0.38 (0.25 – 0.57) |
|
Bike light turned on during trip | ||||
| No |
376/179 |
(68/32) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
| Yes |
102/33 |
(76/24) |
1.45 (0.93 – 2.25) |
2.02 (1.17 – 3.50) |
|
Trip distance | ||||
| < 2 km |
147/102 |
(59/41) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
| 2 - < 5 km |
158/63 |
(71/29) |
1.63 (1.10 – 2.41) |
1.67 (1.05 – 2.65) |
| 5 - < 10 km |
106/32 |
(77/23) |
2.14 (1.34 – 3.44) |
1.67 (0.96 – 2.89) |
| 10 - < 20 km |
36/12 |
(75/25) |
1.91 (0.94 – 3.85) |
1.47 (0.65 – 3.34) |
| ≥ 20 km |
31/3 |
(91/9) |
6.75 (2.01 – 22.7) |
5.43 (1.42 – 20.8) |
|
Bike type used on trip | ||||
| Mountain bike |
139/67 |
(67/23) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
| City bike |
17/12 |
(59/41) |
0.66 (0.30 – 1.46) |
0.82 (0.33 – 2.05) |
| Touring/road bike |
98/46 |
(68/32) |
1.01 (0.64 – 1.61) |
1.11 (0.65 – 1.90) |
| Racing bike |
50/16 |
(76/24) |
1.45 (0.77 – 2.73) |
1.22 (0.58 – 2.58) |
| Folding bike |
7/5 |
(58/42) |
0.65 (0.19 – 2.12) |
0.84 (0.20 – 3.44) |
| Hybrid |
152/28 |
(84/16) |
2.58 (1.55 – 4.27) |
2.08 (1.18 – 3.68) |
| Cruiser |
6/17 |
(26/74) |
0.17 (0.07 – 0.47) |
0.15 (0.05 – 0.46) |
| BMX bike |
1/6 |
(14/86) |
0.07 (0.01 – 0.66) |
0.15 (0.02 – 1.40) |
| Fixed gear |
8/15 |
(35/65) |
0.25 (0.10 – 0.61) |
0.42 (0.16 – 1.16) |
|
Alcohol used in 6 hours prior to trip | ||||
| No |
442/175 |
(72/28) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
| Yes |
36/37 |
(49/51) |
0.39 (0.24 – 0.64) |
0.42 (0.23 – 0.78) |
|
Sex | ||||
| Male |
272/138 |
(66/34) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
| Female |
206/74 |
(74/26) |
1.33 (0.95 – 1.87) |
1.62 (1.06 – 2.48) |
|
Age | ||||
| 19 - 29 |
160/103 |
(61/39) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
| 30 - 39 |
114/54 |
(68/32) |
1.33 (0.88 – 2.01) |
0.98 (0.59 – 1.63) |
| 40 - 49 |
90/27 |
(77/23) |
2.14 (1.29 – 3.53) |
1.27 (0.67 – 2.40) |
| 50 - 59 |
69/14 |
(83/17) |
3.04 (1.62 – 5.68) |
2.45 (1.12 – 5.35) |
| ≥ 60 |
44/12 |
(79/21) |
2.24 (1.27 – 4.45) |
1.35 (0.58 – 3.17) |
|
Income |
||||
| < $15,000 |
30/36 |
(45/55) |
0.44 (0.24 – 0.81) |
0.45 (0.22 – 0.92) |
| $15,000 - 29,999 |
50/33 |
(60/40) |
0.75 (0.42 – 1.33) |
0.94 (0.48 – 1.83) |
| $30,000 - 49,999 |
83/37 |
(69/31) |
1.13 (0.66 – 1.92) |
1.12 (0.61 – 2.07) |
| $50,000 - 79,999 |
88/45 |
(69/31) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
| $80,000 - 119,999 |
80/19 |
(81/19) |
2.11 (1.14 – 3.90) |
1.67 (0.84 – 3.35) |
| ≥ $120,000 |
97/12 |
(89/11) |
4.00 (1.99 – 8.06) |
2.28 (1.03 – 5.07) |
| DK/Refuse |
50/30 |
(63/37) |
0.89 (0.50 – 1.61) |
0.84 (0.42 – 1.71) |
|
Education | ||||
| Some high school |
7/6 |
(54/46) |
0.43 (0.13 – 1.42) |
0.42 (0.11 – 1.70) |
| Completed high school |
19/21 |
(48/52) |
0.30 (0.15 – 0.59) |
0.30 (0.13 – 0.68) |
| Some post-secondary education |
71/48 |
(60/40) |
0.47 (0.29 – 0.76) |
0.61 (0.35 – 1.06) |
| Completed college/ technical diploma |
68/57 |
(54/46) |
0.38 (0.24 – 0.61) |
0.43 (0.25 – 0.74) |
| Completed university degree |
190/59 |
(76/24) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
| Completed graduate degree | 123/21 | (85/15) | 1.80 (1.04 – 3.12) | 1.29 (0.70 – 2.40) |
Significant associations in bold.
* Row percent.