Table 4.
Associations between country-level environmental characteristics and physical activity, stratified by sex
|
Environmental factor |
Type of activity |
OR 95% CI |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
|
Men |
Women |
||||||||||
| Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||
| Temperature |
Vigorous |
1.01 |
0.98-1.04 |
0.98 |
0.95-1.01 |
0.97 |
0.94-1.00 |
1.01 |
0.97-1.04 |
0.98 |
0.95-1.02 |
0.96 |
0.93-0.99 |
| |
Moderate |
0.99 |
0.97-1.02 |
0.99 |
0.96-1.02 |
0.97 |
0.94-0.99 |
1.00 |
0.97-1.04 |
1.00 |
0.96-1.03 |
0.98 |
0.94-1.01 |
| |
Walking |
0.97 |
0.94-1.00 |
0.97 |
0.94-1.00 |
0.95 |
0.92-0.98 |
0.93 |
0.90-0.97 |
0.94 |
0.90-0.97 |
0.92 |
0.89-0.96 |
| Motor vehicle density |
Vigorous |
0.88 |
0.76-1.02 |
1.02 |
0.87-1.19 |
† |
† |
0.82 |
0.70-0.95 |
0.94 |
0.80-1.10 |
1.28 |
0.95-1.72 |
| |
Moderate |
0.89 |
0.78-1.02 |
0.92 |
0.80-1.05 |
1.15 |
0.89-1.50 |
0.90 |
0.75-1.07 |
0.93 |
0.78-1.11 |
1.28 |
0.88-1.85 |
| |
Walking |
0.98 |
0.84-1.15 |
0.99 |
0.85-1.16 |
1.17 |
0.87-1.58 |
1.15 |
0.95-1.40 |
1.16 |
0.96-1.40 |
1.45 |
1.03-2.04 |
| Rural population |
Vigorous |
1.08 |
1.03-1.13 |
1.03 |
0.98-1.09 |
1.05 |
0.97-1.15 |
1.11 |
1.05-1.16 |
1.06 |
1.00-1.11 |
1.06 |
0.97-1.14 |
| |
Moderate |
1.06 |
1.02-1.11 |
1.05 |
1.01-1.10 |
1.05 |
0.98-1.12 |
1.08 |
1.02-1.14 |
1.06 |
1.00-1.13 |
1.07 |
0.97-1.18 |
| |
Walking |
1.01 |
0.96-1.07 |
1.01 |
0.95-1.07 |
0.99 |
0.91-1.07 |
0.97 |
0.90-1.04 |
0.97 |
0.90-1.04 |
0.98 |
0.89-1.07 |
| GDP |
Vigorous |
0.78 |
0.67-0.92 |
0.93 |
0.78-1.11 |
0.85 |
0.70-1.04 |
0.70 |
0.60-0.83 |
0.84 |
0.70-1.00 |
0.76 |
0.63-0.91 |
| |
Moderate |
0.80 |
0.69-0.94 |
0.83 |
0.71-0.97 |
0.76 |
0.65-0.89 |
0.80 |
0.65-0.98 |
0.84 |
0.68-1.03 |
0.79 |
0.63-0.98 |
| |
Walking |
0.89 |
0.74-1.07 |
0.91 |
0.76-1.09 |
0.79 |
0.66-0.94 |
1.01 |
0.80-1.28 |
1.03 |
0.82-1.30 |
0.84 |
0.68-1.03 |
| Governance indicator |
Vigorous |
0.79 |
0.59-1.08 |
0.99 |
0.72-1.36 |
1.21 |
0.77-1.92 |
0.69 |
0.49-0.95 |
0.85 |
0.61-1.16 |
1.16 |
0.75-1.80 |
| |
Moderate |
0.76 |
0.57-1.01 |
0.79 |
0.60-1.04 |
1.08 |
0.74-1.57 |
0.77 |
0.53-1.11 |
0.81 |
0.56-1.16 |
1.07 |
0.63-1.84 |
| |
Walking |
0.77 |
0.56-1.06 |
0.80 |
0.58-1.09 |
0.84 |
0.55-1.29 |
0.91 |
0.61-1.38 |
0.93 |
0.62-1.40 |
0.83 |
0.50-1.39 |
| Literacy rate |
Vigorous |
0.97 |
0.91-1.02 |
1.02 |
0.97-1.09 |
† |
† |
0.94 |
0.88-0.99 |
0.99 |
0.93-1.05 |
1.02 |
0.94-1.09 |
| |
Moderate |
0.98 |
0.93-1.03 |
0.99 |
0.94-1.04 |
1.02 |
0.96-1.09 |
0.98 |
0.91-1.05 |
0.99 |
0.93-1.06 |
1.04 |
0.95-1.14 |
| |
Walking |
0.99 |
0.94-1.05 |
1.00 |
0.94-1.06 |
0.98 |
0.91-1.05 |
1.05 |
0.97-1.13 |
1.05 |
0.97-1.13 |
0.99 |
0.91-1.09 |
| SIGI |
Vigorous |
0.96 |
0.75-1.22 |
1.08 |
0.85-1.39 |
1.10 |
0.85-1.44 |
0.86 |
0.66-1.12 |
0.99 |
0.77-1.27 |
1.05 |
0.81-1.35 |
| |
Moderate |
0.99 |
0.79-1.25 |
1.01 |
0.81-1.27 |
1.07 |
0.86-1.33 |
1.04 |
0.77-1.39 |
1.08 |
0.81-1.44 |
1.20 |
0.88-1.62 |
| Walking | 1.10 | 0.85-1.41 | 1.11 | 0.86-1.42 | 1.09 | 0.85-1.39 | 1.39 | 1.02-1.88 | 1.38 | 1.02-1.85 | 1.25 | 0.94-1.66 | |
Model 0 corrects only for age, Model 1 corrects for age, educational attainment and occupational class and Model 2 corrects for age, educational attainment and occupational class on the individual level and average yearly temperature and GDP on the country-level (except in the model where these were included as determinant).
†: Model could not be fitted, due to lack of convergence.