Table 3.

Associations of literacy with decision making in older adults (estimates ± SE)

Literacy	Decision making
	total	healthcare	financial
Total
Model 1	0.98 ± 0.07	0.55 ± 0.05	0.43 ± 0.04
Model 2	0.64 ± 0.08	0.37 ± 0.05	0.28 ± 0.05
Model 3	0.64 ± 0.09	0.37 ± 0.05	0.27 ± 0.05
Health
Model 1	0.60 ± 0.06	0.33 ± 0.04	0.27 ± 0.03
Model 2	0.35 ± 0.06	0.19 ± 0.04	0.16 ± 0.03
Model 3	0.35 ± 0.06	0.19 ± 0.04	0.16 ±0.03
Financial
Model 1	0.78 ± 0.07	0.45 ± 0.04	0.33 ± 0.04
Model 2	0.46 ± 0.08	0.27 ± 0.05	0.19 ± 0.04
Model 3	0.45 ± 0.08	0.28 ± 0.05	0.16 ± 0.05

All p values <0.001. For each model, 9 separate regressions were run for each combination of literacy and decision-making variables. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and education (n = 525). Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, education, and global cognition (n = 525). Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, education, global cognition, income, depression, and chronic conditions (n = 505). Estimates are for a 10% increase in correct items out of total items for each literacy index (total literacy is an average of health and financial literacy scores).