Table 3.
Maternal, socioeconomic and child risk factors of time to wasting
| N1 | Events | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI)2 | p | HR (95% CI)2,3 | p | |||
|
Maternal Characteristics
| ||||||
| Age at delivery (years) | ||||||
| <20 | 72 | 25 | 1.00 | 0.99 | ||
| 20–24 | 488 | 150 | 0.87 (0.57, 1.33) | |||
| ≥ 25 | 1513 | 497 | 0.90 (0.61, 1.35) | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single/Widowed/Divorced/Other | 275 | 92 | 1.00 | 0.50 | ||
| Married | 1858 | 606 | 0.93 (0.74, 1.15) | |||
| Number of prior pregnancies | ||||||
| 0 | 472 | 148 | 1.00 | 0.88 | ||
| 1–3 | 1487 | 492 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.23) | |||
| ≥ 4 | 175 | 57 | 1.01 (0.74, 1.37) | |||
| Formal education (years) | ||||||
| 0 | 143 | 54 | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.005 |
| 1–7 | 1539 | 539 | 0.98 (0.74, 1.29) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.32) | ||
| ≥ 8 | 455 | 105 | 0.59 (0.43, 0.83) | 0.70 (0.50, 0.98) | ||
| Occupation | ||||||
| Housewife without income | 1393 | 469 | 1.00 | |||
| Housewife with income | 181 | 61 | 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) | 0.77 | ||
| Business woman | 123 | 27 | 0.62 (0.42, 0.92) | |||
| Other | 383 | 131 | 1.04 (0.86, 1.26) | |||
| Mid-Upper Arm Circumference during pregnancy (cm) | ||||||
| < 22.0 | 143 | 68 | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.006 |
| ≥ 22.0 | 1989 | 630 | 0.60 (0.47, 0.77) | 0.70 (0.54, 0.90) | ||
| Height (cm) | ||||||
| < 155.0 | 1076 | 360 | 1.00 | 0.39 | ||
| ≥ 155.0 | 1077 | 344 | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | |||
| WHO Stage | ||||||
| 1 | 975 | 292 | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.003 |
| 2 | 194 | 78 | 1.42 (1.11, 1.82) | 1.35 (1.05, 1.75) | ||
| ≥ 3 | 158 | 67 | 1.61 (1.23, 2.10) | 1.40 (1.07, 1.84) | ||
| Received ARVs during pregnancy4 | ||||||
| No | 1561 | 495 | 1.00 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.008 |
| Yes | 393 | 157 | 1.31 (1.10, 1.57) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.55) | ||
| Vital status5 | ||||||
| Alive | 3415 | 703 | 1.00 | 0.97 | ||
| Dead | 116 | 2 | 0.97 (0.24, 3.90) | |||
|
| ||||||
|
Socioeconomic Characteristics
| ||||||
| Household food expenditure (TShs/person/day) | ||||||
| < 500 | 269 | 103 | 1.00 | 0.18 | ||
| ≥ 500 | 1759 | 564 | 0.87 (0.70, 1.07) | |||
| Household possessions6 | ||||||
| 0 | 390 | 151 | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.004 |
| 1–2 | 1021 | 350 | 0.88 (0.71, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.14) | ||
| 3–4 | 723 | 197 | 0.66 (0.54, 0.84) | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | ||
|
| ||||||
|
Child Characteristics
| ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 986 | 284 | 1.00 | 0.0002 | 1.00 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 1168 | 421 | 1.33 (1.15, 1.55) | 1.40 (1.20, 1.63) | ||
| Birth weight (g) | ||||||
| ≥ 2,500 | 1941 | 616 | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.004 |
| < 2,500 | 129 | 61 | 1.78 (1.37, 2.31) | 1.49 (1.20, 1.63) | ||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | ||||||
| ≥ 37 | 1816 | 572 | 1.00 | 0.002 | 1.00 | 0.02 |
| < 37 | 308 | 122 | 1.37 (1.13, 1.67) | 1.28 (1.05, 1.57) | ||
| Place of birth | ||||||
| Home | 40 | 10 | 1.00 | 0.42 | ||
| Hospital/clinic | 2022 | 667 | 1.30 (0.69, 2.42) | |||
| Child fed colostrum | ||||||
| Yes | 1686 | 543 | 1.00 | 0.94 | ||
| No | 170 | 55 | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) | |||
| Child received BCG immunization as a newborn | ||||||
| Yes | 1685 | 540 | 1.00 | 0.77 | ||
| No | 171 | 58 | 1.04 (0.79, 1.37) | |||
| Exclusively breastfed5 | ||||||
| No | 24,432 | 516 | 1.00 | 0.76 | ||
| Yes | 6,021 | 185 | 1.04 (0.82, 1.31) | |||
| Anemia (Hb <11 g/dL)5 | ||||||
| No | 5,423 | 132 | 1.00 | 0.79 | ||
| Yes | 23,769 | 543 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.25) | |||
| Cotrimoxazole consumption last month5 | ||||||
| 0 | 1,822 | 45 | 1.00 | 0.23 | ||
| 1–20 times | 3,025 | 68 | 0.88 (0.59, 1.29) | |||
| ≥ 21 times | 15,952 | 334 | 0.82 (0.59, 1.14) | |||
| HIV status5 | ||||||
| Negative | 27,975 | 573 | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | <0.0001 |
| Positive | 2,521 | 128 | 2.39 (1.98, 2.90) | 2.26 (1.86, 2.74) | ||
| Cumulative morbidity episodes5,7 | ||||||
| Diarrhea | ||||||
| 0 | 23,117 | 601 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.04 |
| 1–2 | 6,596 | 94 | 0.76 (0.60, 0.96) | 0.78 (0.61, 0.98) | ||
| ≥ 3 | 818 | 10 | 0.82 (0.43, 1.55) | 0.80 (0.42, 1.52) | ||
| Fever | ||||||
| 0 | 17,950 | 480 | 1.00 | |||
| 1–2 | 9,645 | 184 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.25) | 0.93 | ||
| 3–4 | 2,241 | 37 | 1.21 (0.84, 1.75) | |||
| ≥ 5 | 694 | 4 | 0.49 (0.18, 1.35) | |||
| Common Cold | ||||||
| 0 | 9,667 | 273 | 1.00 | |||
| 1–2 | 11,400 | 298 | 1.11 (0.92, 1.32) | 0.61 | ||
| 3–4 | 5,304 | 87 | 0.95 (0.72, 1.27) | |||
| ≥ 5 | 4,159 | 47 | 0.86 (0.59, 1.25) | |||
| Vomiting | ||||||
| 0 | 27,821 | 664 | 1.00 | 0.58 | ||
| 1 | 2,235 | 37 | 1.01 (0.72, 1.42) | |||
| ≥ 2 | 473 | 4 | 0.63 (0.23, 1.58) | |||
| Refusal to eat, drink or breastfeed | ||||||
| 0 | 26,725 | 656 | 1.00 | 0.12 | ||
| 1 | 2,874 | 42 | 0.90 (0.65, 1.25) | |||
| ≥ 2 | 931 | 7 | 0.54 (0.25, 1.15) | |||
| Cough and fever | ||||||
| 0 | 21,725 | 551 | 1.00 | 0.52 | ||
| 1–2 | 7,581 | 136 | 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) | |||
| ≥ 3 | 1,224 | 18 | 1.14 (0.70, 1.86) | |||
| Cough plus difficulty breathing, rapid respiratory rate or refusal to eat | ||||||
| 0 | 26,590 | 641 | 1.00 | 0.84 | ||
| ≥ 1 | 3,941 | 64 | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | |||
1
N represents the number of children for time-fixed predictors, and number of person-months for time-varying
2
Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were obtained from Cox proportional hazards models
3
Multivariate results additionally adjusted for parent study treatment regimen
4
The standard first line regimen for mothers was stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine
5
Time-updated variable; N refers to person-months
6
From a list that includes fan, refrigerator, sofa, radio/television
7
An episode was defined if the symptom was reported during the 4 weeks prior to the visit