Table 1.
Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics and baseline scores for randomized participants
| Randomized participants (n = 30) | |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | |
| Mean, SD | 34.4 (10.67) |
| Range | 21–61 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 30 (100) |
| Educational level, 9 year compulsory school, or less, n (%) | 25 (83) |
| Educational support during childhood, n (%) | 24 (80) |
| Full scale IQ, (N = 22) | |
| Mean, SD | 95.18 (9.99) |
| Range | 78–113 |
| Adult ADHD subtypea, n (%) | |
| Combined type | 28 (93) |
| Predominantly inattentive | 2 (7) |
| Autism-spectrum disordera,b, n (%) | 7 (23) |
| Mood- and/or anxiety disordera, lifetime, n (%) | 22 (73) |
| Conduct disordera | 30 (100) |
| Personality disordersa,c, (N = 23) | |
| Antisocial, n (%) | 22 (96) |
| Borderline, n (%) | 17 (74) |
| Paranoid, n (%) | 17 (74) |
| Narcissistic, n (%) | 15 (65) |
| Obsessive-compulsive, n (%) | 12 (52) |
| Passive-aggressive, n (%) | 11 (48) |
| Avoidant, n (%) | 11(48) |
| Depressive, n (%) | 8 (35) |
| Dependent, n (%) | 7 (30) |
| Schizotypal, n (%) | 5 (22) |
| Schizoid, n (%) | 2 (9) |
| Histrionic, n (%) | 0 (0) |
| Substance use disordera, lifetime, n (%) | 30 (100) |
| Preferred drug of choice, n (%) | |
| Alcohol | 4 (13) |
| Amphetamine | 18 (60) |
| Cocaine | 4 (13) |
| Cannabis | 1 (7) |
| Opioids | 1 (7) |
| Anabolic steroids | 1 (7) |
| Other | 1 (7) |
| Psychopathyd | 3 (10) |
| Treatment for psychiatric disorders at baseline visit, n (%) | 13 (43) |
| CAARS: O-SVe, baseline sum-score, mean, 95 % CI | 40.0 (38.1–41.8) |
| ASRSf, baseline sum-score, mean, 95 % CI | 55.3 (52.0–58.6) |
| GAFg, baseline total score; mean, 95 % CI | 35.2 (33.3–37.1) |
| CGI-Severityh, baseline score, mean, 95 % CI | 5.9 (5.7–6.1) |
| Marked, n (%) | 6 (20) |
| Severe, n (%) | 21 (70) |
| Extremely severe, n (%) | 3 (10) |
aDiagnosis in accordance to DSM-IV
bAutism-spectrum disorders includes Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorders, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)
cFrequencies of personality disorders were estimated by increasing the cut-off level for each personality disorder by one score on the SCID II Personality Questionnaire to equal the cut-off score of the SCID II Interview
dPsychopathy was defined as a total sum-score of ≥30 by the Psychopathy Check List-Revised (PCL-R)
eConners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Observer: Screening Version
fAdult ADHD Self-Report Scale
gGlobal Assessment of Functioning Scale
hClinical Global Impression-Severity Scale