Table 1.

Baseline characteristics (1994–98) of adults interviewed as part of long-term survey (N=3,273), by randomized MTO treatment status. Mean values represent shares, except for age and income; missing values have been imputed (except income). Values are weighted to account for changes over time in treatment assignment likelihood and for the follow-up survey sampling design (see supplementary materials section 1).

	Control group mean	MTO treatment (voucher) groups mean
	N=1139	N=2134
Gender and age
Female	0.978	0.984
Age as of December 31, 2007 (years)	44.5	44.6
Race and ethnicity
African-American (any ethnicity)	0.660	0.640
Hispanic ethnicity (any race)	0.304	0.325
Other demographic characteristics
Never married	0.637	0.623
Working	0.245	0.270
High school diploma	0.361	0.367
General Educational Development (GED)	0.199	0.169*
Receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)	0.763	0.752
Household characteristics
Household income (2009 dollars)	$12,438.64	$12,833.64
Site
Baltimore	0.135	0.136
Boston	0.205	0.203
Chicago	0.205	0.206
Los Angeles	0.226	0.225
New York	0.229	0.229
Neighborhood characteristics
Household member was crime victim in last six months	0.416	0.425
Very dissatisfied with neighborhood	0.467	0.478
Primary or Secondary Reason for Wanting to Move
To get away from gangs and drugs	0.779	0.770
Better schools for children	0.481	0.516*
To get a bigger or better apartment	0.457	0.440
To get a job	0.069	0.058

^***= P<.01,

^**= P<.05,

^*= P<.10 on two-tailed t-test of difference between MTO treatment and control groups.