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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 6.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Metab. 2012 May 17;15(6):848–860. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.019

Figure 3. Time restricted feeding alters glucose metabolism and restores normal glucose tolerance.

Figure 3

qRT-PCR estimates of mRNA levels of gluconeogenic CREB targets (A) Pcx and (B) G6pc in the liver show reduced expression during feeding in the liver of FT mice. This is accompanied by (C) increased levels of G6-P and TCA cycle metabolites, malate, fumarate and citrate. (D) Elevated mRNA level of G6pdx in the livers of FT mice correlated with (E) a rise in pentose phosphate cycle (PPC) metabolites ribulose-5-P, ribose 5-P, fructose 6-P and sedoheptulose 7-P and higher levels of reduced glutathione. tRF regimen also improved oscillation of (F) Umps and (G) Tk1 mRNA in liver and resultant improvement in (H) nucleotide metabolites (also see Figures S3 and S4A) which are produced from PPC intermediates. (I) IPGTT shows normal glucose tolerance in FT mice. Average blood glucose levels (+ SEM, n = 6 mice) in overnight fasted and after glucose infusion are shown. (J) Levels of blood insulin after overnight fasting or 1 h after glucose infusion. (K) Time spent (average + SEM, n = 6, *p < 0.05) on an accelerating rotarod.