Table 4.
Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for intake of meat mutagens, mutagenic activity index, and postmenopausal breast cancer (n = 3,818 cases) in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.1
| Quintiles of daily meat mutagen intake | p for trend2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| Overall mutagenic activity, revertant colonies/1000 kcal | ||||||
| ≤254 | >254 and ≤640 | >640 and ≤1232 | >1232 and ≤2414 | >2414 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 754/ 170,077 | 791/ 169,541 | 797/ 169,583 | 772/ 169,995 | 704/ 170,666 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.04 (0.95-1.15) | 1.07 (0.97-1.19) | 1.03 (0.94-1.14) | 0.95 (0.86-1.05) | 0.34 |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR4 (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.92-1.13) | 1.04 (0.94-1.16) | 1.02 (0.92-1.13) | 0.94 (0.84-1.04) | 0.27 |
| 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f|quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), ng/1000 kcal | ||||||
| 0 | >0 and ≤0.05 | >0.05 and ≤0.30 | >0.30 and ≤0.83 | >0.83 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 1442/ 316,166 | 98/ 23,862 | 784/ 169,459 | 783/ 170,089 | 711/ 170,245 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.94 (0.77-1.16) | 1.00 (0.92-1.09) | 1.01 (0.93-1.11) | 0.92 (0.84-1.01) | 0.25 |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.97 (0.79-1.20) | 1.02 (0.93-1.11) | 1.04 (0.95-1.13) | 0.95 (0.86-1.04) | 0.60 |
| 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f|quinoxaline (MelQx), ng/1000 kcal | ||||||
| ≤1.1 | >1.1 and ≤3.0 | >3.0 and ≤6.2 | >6.2 and ≤12.7 | >12.7 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 742/ 170,214 | 789/ 170,117 | 761/ 169,778 | 776/ 169,594 | 750/ 170,119 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.07 (0.96-1.18) | 1.04 (0.94-1.15) | 1.09 (0.99-1.21) | 1.00 (0.91-1.11) | 0.79 |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.04 (0.94-1.15) | 1.03 (0.93-1.14) | 1.07 (0.96-1.18) | 1.00 (0.89-1.11) | 0.87 |
| 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), ng/1000 kcal | ||||||
| ≤3.6 | >3.6 and ≤11.4 | >11.4 and ≤26.0 | >26.0 and ≤60.9 | >60.9 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 761/ 181,617 | 731/ 157,877 | 851/ 169,686 | 740/ 169,678 | 735/ 170,964 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.10 (1.00-1.22) | 1.15 (1.04-1.27) | 1.07 (0.98-1.19) | 1.01 (0.91-1.12) | 0.95 |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.96-1.18) | 1.11 (1.00-1.23) | 1.04 (0.93-1.15) | 0.98 (0.88-1.09) 0.57 | |
| Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], ng/1000 kcal | ||||||
| ≤0.4 | >0.4 and ≤2.1 | >2.1 and ≤6.8 | >6.8 and ≤18.6 | >18.6 | ||
| Cases/person-years | 766/ 169,516 | 764/ 169,283 | 751/ 170,240 | 758/ 170,234 | 795/ 170,548 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (0.90-1.10) | 0.98 (0.89-1.09) | 1.00 (0.90-1.10) | 1.06 (0.96-1.18) | 0.27 |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0. 96 (0.88-1.05) | 0.99 (0.91-1.08) | 0.98 (0.90-1.08) | 0.96 (0.88-1.06) | 0.68 |
3,818 postmenopausal breast cancer cases among 120,755 female cohort subjects.
P for trend calculated using median values for each quintile.
Cox proportional hazards models used to calculate hazard ratios.
Models additionally adjusted for age at entry (continuous), body mass index (kg/m2: <18.5, 18.5-<25, 25-<30, 30-<35, 35+), age at first menstrual period (<11, 11-12, 13-14, 15+), age at first live birth (never, <20, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35+), family history of breast cancer (yes, no), hormone replacement therapy (never, <5 years, 5-9 years, 10+ years), education (less than high school graduate, high school graduate, some college, college graduate or post college, missing), race (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, other or unknown), total energy intake (continuous), gm saturated fat (continuous), alcohol intake (none, 0 to <5, 5 to <15, 15 to <30, 30+ g/d), physical activity (never/rarely, 1-3 times/mo, 1+ times/wk), smoking (never, quit >yrs ago, quit 1-4 yrs ago, quit <1 yr or current smoker, missing), age at menopause (<40, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55+), number of breast biopsies (none, 1, 3, 3+, missing), height (<62, 62-<63, 63-<64, 64-<66, ≥67).