Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by sex.
| Characteristic | Male | Female | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants [n (%)] | 146 (26.1) | 414 (73.9) | 560 (100) | |||
| Visits (mean ± SD) | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | |||
| Age [mean (range)] | 71.4 (62–84) | 70.5 (60–87) | 70.7 (60–87) | |||
| Height (cm; mean ± SD) | 164.3 ± 5.3 | 151.3 ± 5.1 | 154.7 ± 5.1 | |||
| Weight (kg; mean ± SD) | 65.7 ± 9.8 | 57.1 ± 7.4 | 59.3 ± 8.1 | |||
| BMI [kg/m2; n (%)] | ||||||
| ≥ 30 | 5 (3.4) | 19 (4.6) | 24 (4.3) | |||
| 25 to < 30 | 51 (34.9) | 168 (45.2) | 219 (39.1) | |||
| < 25 | 90 (61.7) | 227 (54.8) | 317 (56.6) | |||
| Current smokers [n (%)] | 31 (21.2) | 1 (0.2) | 32 (5.7) | |||
| Glucose (fasting levels in serum) | 5.42 ± 1.15 | 5.32 ± 1.13 | 5.34 ± 1.14 | |||
| [mmol/L; mean ± SD (range)] | (3.50 – 10.99) | (3.89 – 16.32) | (3.50 – 16.32) | |||
| Insulin (fasting levels in serum) | 6.15 ± 4.58 | 7.14 ± 6.41 | 6.88 ± 5.99 | |||
| [μU/mL; mean ± SD (range)] | (0.70 – 28.00) | (0.90 – 76.30) | (0.70 – 76.30) | |||
| HOMA | 1.54 ± 1.31 | 1.76 ± 1.84 | 1.70 ± 1.72 | |||
| [mean ± SD (range)] | (0.15 – 7.39) | (0.22 – 21.46) | (0.15 – 21.46) | |||
| Disease history [n (%)] | ||||||
| DM | 25 (4.5) | 66 (11.8) | 91 (16.3) | |||
| Hypertension | 76 (52.1) | 209 (50.5) | 285 (50.9) | |||
| Hyperlipidemia | 47 (32.2) | 136 (32.9) | 183 (32.7) | |||
| Participants for whom DNA samples were obtained [n (%)] | 142 (97.3) | 406 (98.1) | 548 (97.9) | |||
| GSTM1 | ||||||
| Present | 64 (45.1) | 172 (42.4) | 236 (43.1) | |||
| Null | 78 (54.9) | 234 (57.6) | 312 (56.9) | |||
| GSTT1 | ||||||
| Present | 72 (50.7) | 193 (47.5) | 265 (48.4) | |||
| Null | 70 (49.3) | 213 (52.5) | 283 (51.6) | |||
| GSTP1 (rs1695) | ||||||
| AA | 90 (63.4) | 269 (66.3) | 359 (65.5) | |||
| AG | 47 (33.1) | 124 (30.5) | 171 (31.2) | |||
| GG | 5 (3.5) | 13 (3.2) | 18 (3.3) | |||
| The HOMA index uses the formula described by Matthews et al. (1985): insulin (μU/mL) × [glucose (mmol/L) ÷ 22.5]. | ||||||