Table 4.
Gene/genotype | Pollutant | n | Glucose | Insulin | HOMA | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (95% CI) | p-Value | p for interaction | Estimate (95% CI) | p-Value | p for interaction | Estimate (95% CI) | p-Value | p for interaction | |||||||||||||||||
GSTM1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present | PM10 | 225 | 0.04 | (–0.04, 0.13) | 0.3019 | 0.0459 | 0.19 | (–0.25, 0.64) | 0.3990 | 0.6201 | 0.12 | (–0.04, 0.28) | 0.1488 | 0.4944 | |||||||||||
O3 | 225 | 0.04 | (–0.10, 0.18) | 0.6027 | 0.0112 | 0.19 | (–0.55, 0.93) | 0.6140 | 0.2934 | 0.08 | (–0.18, 0.34) | 0.5552 | 0.1647 | ||||||||||||
NO2 | 225 | 0.06 | (–0.02, 0.15) | 0.1579 | 0.2187 | 0.14 | (–0.30, 0.58) | 0.5278 | 0.0054 | 0.10 | (–0.06, 0.25) | 0.2308 | 0.0137 | ||||||||||||
Null | PM10 | 299 | 0.17 | (0.09, 0.25) | 0.0001 | 0.33 | (–0.35, 1.02) | 0.3430 | 0.20 | (–0.03, 0.43) | 0.0894 | ||||||||||||||
O3 | 299 | 0.30 | (0.17, 0.42) | < 0.0001 | 1.14 | (0.08, 2.19) | 0.0351 | 0.47 | (0.11, 0.83) | 0.0102 | |||||||||||||||
NO2 | 299 | 0.14 | (0.06, 0.22) | 0.0006 | 1.27 | (0.59, 1.94) | 0.0003 | 0.45 | (0.22, 0.68) | 0.0002 | |||||||||||||||
GSTT1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present | PM10 | 254 | 0.05 | (–0.03, 0.12) | 0.2449 | 0.1166 | 0.17 | (–0.41, 0.75) | 0.5649 | 0.8711 | 0.06 | (–0.10, 0.22) | 0.4812 | 0.3609 | |||||||||||
O3 | 254 | 0.08 | (–0.03, 0.19) | 0.1687 | 0.0151 | 0.59 | (–0.29, 1.47) | 0.1875 | 0.8825 | 0.15 | (–0.09, 0.40) | 0.2231 | 0.4358 | ||||||||||||
NO2 | 254 | 0.02 | (–0.05, 0.08) | 0.6524 | 0.0020 | 0.44 | (–0.07, 0.96) | 0.0908 | 0.0463 | 0.11 | (–0.03, 0.25) | 0.1338 | 0.0028 | ||||||||||||
Null | PM10 | 270 | 0.15 | (0.07, 0.24) | 0.0008 | 0.21 | (–0.41, 0.83) | 0.5030 | 0.20 | (–0.03, 0.43) | 0.0926 | ||||||||||||||
O3 | 270 | 0.29 | (0.15, 0.44) | 0.0001 | 0.77 | (–0.27, 1.81) | 0.1490 | 0.42 | (0.03, 0.81) | 0.0360 | |||||||||||||||
NO2 | 270 | 0.21 | (0.12, 0.31) | < 0.0001 | 1.08 | (0.41, 1.76) | 0.0019 | 0.49 | (0.24, 0.75) | 0.0002 | |||||||||||||||
GSTP1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
AA | PM10 | 345 | 0.09 | (0.03, 0.15) | 0.0052 | 0.9598 | 0.06 | (–0.47, 0.59) | 0.8326 | 0.7265 | 0.05 | (–0.13, 0.23) | 0.5758 | 0.3947 | |||||||||||
O3 | 345 | 0.08 | (–0.02, 0.17) | 0.1029 | 0.0006 | 0.15 | (–0.07, 0.97) | 0.7215 | 0.0205 | 0.06 | (–0.22, 0.34) | 0.6762 | 0.0036 | ||||||||||||
NO2 | 345 | 0.08 | (0.02, 0.14) | 0.0077 | 0.3620 | 0.75 | (0.24, 1.26) | 0.0042 | 0.3848 | 0.26 | (0.09, 0.43) | 0.0034 | 0.4972 | ||||||||||||
AG or GG | PM10 | 179 | 0.12 | (0.001, 0.24) | 0.0503 | 0.47 | (–0.26, 1.20) | 0.2099 | 0.29 | (0.04, 0.54) | 0.0250 | ||||||||||||||
O3 | 179 | 0.40 | (0.20, 0.60) | 0.0001 | 1.79 | (0.58, 3.01) | 0.0044 | 0.74 | (0.32, 1.17) | 0.0007 | |||||||||||||||
NO2 | 179 | 0.14 | (0.02, 0.27) | 0.0230 | 0.70 | (–0.05, 1.44) | 0.0695 | 0.30 | (0.04, 0.56) | 0.0235 | |||||||||||||||
At-risk genotypea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
0–1 | PM10 | 282 | 0.08 | (0.005, 0.15) | 0.0382 | 0.6077 | 0.04 | (–0.37, 0.45) | 0.8377 | 0.3584 | 0.06 | (–0.07, 0.18) | 0.3853 | 0.2277 | |||||||||||
O3 | 282 | 0.05 | (–0.06, 0.17) | 0.3625 | 0.0003 | –0.06 | (–0.69, 0.57) | 0.8633 | 0.0860 | –0.01 | (–0.20, 0.19) | 0.9379 | 0.0244 | ||||||||||||
NO2 | 282 | 0.05 | (–0.02, 0.12) | 0.1832 | 0.0358 | 0.32 | (–0.05, 0.69) | 0.0943 | 0.0135 | 0.11 | (–0.001, 0.23) | 0.0528 | 0.0030 | ||||||||||||
2–3 | PM10 | 242 | 0.13 | (0.03, 0.22) | 0.0080 | 0.38 | (–0.39, 1.15) | 0.3388 | 0.23 | (–0.04, 0.59) | 0.1017 | ||||||||||||||
O3 | 242 | 0.35 | (0.20, 0.50) | < 0.0001 | 1.47 | (0.19, 2.74) | 0.0253 | 0.61 | (0.16, 1.06) | 0.0089 | |||||||||||||||
NO2 | 242 | 0.19 | (0.09, 0.29) | 0.0003 | 1.28 | (0.45, 2.11) | 0.0027 | 0.51 | (0.22, 0.81) | 0.0006 | |||||||||||||||
p-Values obtained after weighting follow-up observations in the single-pollutant model of PM10, O3, and NO2 on lag day 4, lag day 5, and lag day 7, respectively. Changes in glucose, insulin, and HOMA indices by an IQR-change of PM10 (20.8 µg/m3), O3 (15.1 ppb), and NO2 (10.8 ppb) were obtained after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, cotinine level, and outdoor temperature and dew point of the day. aNumber of risky genotypes. |