Controls |
59,328 |
59.1 ± 6.2 |
— |
69.4 ± 5.9 |
— |
79.2 ± 5.7 |
— |
Central nervous system |
Anencephalus |
21 |
56.9 ± 3.6 |
0.94 |
(0.63, 1.42) |
67.4 ± 3.8 |
0.93 |
(0.61, 1.43) |
77.6 ± 4.0 |
0.95 |
(0.62, 1.46) |
Spina bifida without anencephalus |
114 |
58.6 ± 5.8 |
1.12 |
(0.92, 1.35) |
68.9 ± 5.4 |
1.10 |
(0.90, 1.34) |
78.8 ± 5.2 |
1.08 |
(0.89, 1.32) |
Hydrocephalus without spina bifida |
311 |
59.3 ± 6.2 |
1.06 |
(0.95, 1.18) |
69.6 ± 5.7 |
1.07 |
(0.95, 1.20) |
79.4 ± 5.4 |
1.07 |
(0.95, 1.19) |
Encephalocele |
25 |
58.0 ± 6.1 |
0.92 |
(0.64, 1.32) |
68.3 ± 5.9 |
0.92 |
(0.63, 1.33) |
78.2 ± 5.9 |
0.93 |
(0.64, 1.35) |
Microcephalus |
199 |
58.5 ± 6.9 |
0.93 |
(0.82, 1.06) |
68.7 ± 6.5 |
0.93 |
(0.81, 1.06) |
78.4 ± 6.3 |
0.92 |
(0.80, 1.05) |
Eye |
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia |
34 |
58.2 ± 6.2 |
0.71 |
(0.54, 0.94)* |
68.2 ± 6.2 |
0.70 |
(0.53, 0.93)* |
77.8 ± 6.4 |
0.70 |
(0.52, 0.93)* |
Congenital cataract |
75 |
60.5 ± 5.1 |
1.51 |
(1.14, 1.99)* |
71.0 ± 4.9 |
1.47 |
(1.11, 1.94)* |
81.0 ± 4.9 |
1.45 |
(1.10, 1.90)* |
Cardiovascular |
Common truncus |
9 |
57.2 ± 8.2 |
0.99 |
(0.53, 1.86) |
67.7 ± 7.7 |
1.02 |
(0.52, 1.98) |
77.7 ± 7.2 |
1.07 |
(0.54, 2.11) |
Transposition of great arteries |
68 |
58.7 ± 5.7 |
1.04 |
(0.82, 1.33) |
69.4 ± 5.4 |
1.07 |
(0.84, 1.37) |
79.6 ± 5.3 |
1.08 |
(0.84, 1.37) |
Tetralogy of Fallot |
106 |
59.3 ± 6.1 |
0.99 |
(0.83, 1.19) |
69.5 ± 5.8 |
0.98 |
(0.82, 1.18) |
79.2 ± 5.5 |
0.98 |
(0.82, 1.18) |
Ventricular septal defect |
1,579 |
59.0 ± 6.2 |
1.00 |
(0.96, 1.05) |
69.5 ± 5.8 |
1.01 |
(0.96, 1.06) |
79.2 ± 5.6 |
1.00 |
(0.95, 1.05) |
Atrial septal defect |
822 |
59.9 ± 6.4 |
0.96 |
(0.90, 1.02) |
69.8 ± 6.1 |
0.96 |
(0.90, 1.02) |
79.4 ± 6.0 |
0.97 |
(0.90, 1.03) |
Endocardial cushion defect |
43 |
58.2 ± 5.3 |
0.97 |
(0.73, 1.29) |
68.7 ± 5.4 |
0.97 |
(0.72, 1.30) |
78.7 ± 5.6 |
0.98 |
(0.73, 1.32) |
Pulmonary valve atresia/stenosis |
457 |
59.3 ± 6.2 |
1.07 |
(0.97, 1.17) |
69.5 ± 5.8 |
1.07 |
(0.98, 1.17) |
79.2 ± 5.6 |
1.07 |
(0.97, 1.17) |
Tricuspid atresia/stenosis |
44 |
58.7 ± 7.1 |
0.99 |
(0.75, 1.32) |
68.8 ± 6.9 |
0.97 |
(0.73, 1.29) |
78.4 ± 6.7 |
0.95 |
(0.71, 1.27) |
Ebstein’s anomaly |
23 |
59.5 ± 4.7 |
1.06 |
(0.70, 1.59) |
69.9 ± 4.3 |
1.12 |
(0.73, 1.71) |
79.8 ± 4.3 |
1.18 |
(0.76, 1.83) |
Aortic valve stenosis |
102 |
59.5 ± 5.8 |
1.08 |
(0.89, 1.31) |
69.8 ± 5.6 |
1.08 |
(0.89, 1.31) |
79.6 ± 5.6 |
1.08 |
(0.89, 1.31) |
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
96 |
58.9 ± 6.3 |
0.99 |
(0.82, 1.20) |
69.3 ± 6.1 |
0.98 |
(0.81, 1.19) |
79.2 ± 6.0 |
0.98 |
(0.81, 1.19) |
Patent ductus arteriosus (≥ 2,500 g) |
566 |
59.7 ± 6.1 |
0.96 |
(0.89, 1.03) |
69.6 ± 5.8 |
0.95 |
(0.88, 1.03) |
79.0 ± 5.6 |
0.95 |
(0.88, 1.03) |
Coarctation of aorta |
235 |
59.0 ± 5.9 |
1.05 |
(0.92, 1.19) |
69.3 ± 5.7 |
1.06 |
(0.93, 1.21) |
79.2 ± 5.6 |
1.08 |
(0.95, 1.24) |
Craniofacial |
Choanal atresia |
99 |
58.3 ± 6.6 |
0.90 |
(0.75, 1.08) |
68.7 ± 6.2 |
0.90 |
(0.75, 1.08) |
78.7 ± 6.0 |
0.91 |
(0.76, 1.09) |
Cleft palate without cleft lip |
340 |
58.4 ± 6.1 |
0.99 |
(0.89, 1.10) |
68.8 ± 5.7 |
0.99 |
(0.89, 1.10) |
78.7 ± 5.6 |
0.97 |
(0.87, 1.08) |
Cleft lip ± cleft palate |
501 |
58.6 ± 6.4 |
0.98 |
(0.90, 1.07) |
69.1 ± 6.0 |
0.98 |
(0.90, 1.07) |
79.1 ± 5.9 |
0.99 |
(0.91, 1.07) |
Genitourinary |
Renal agenesis/hypoplasia |
174 |
59.8 ± 5.8 |
1.17 |
(1.00, 1.37)* |
70.1 ± 5.5 |
1.15 |
(0.99, 1.35) |
79.8 ± 5.3 |
1.13 |
(0.97, 1.32) |
Musculoskeletal |
Upper limb reduction |
105 |
58.7 ± 5.6 |
1.09 |
(0.89, 1.33) |
69.2 ± 5.3 |
1.11 |
(0.90, 1.36) |
79.3 ± 5.4 |
1.12 |
(0.91, 1.38) |
Lower limb reduction |
85 |
59.1 ± 6.4 |
1.10 |
(0.88, 1.37) |
69.4 ± 6.0 |
1.10 |
(0.88, 1.38) |
79.2 ± 5.7 |
1.09 |
(0.87, 1.36) |
Gastroschisis |
108 |
58.3 ± 5.6 |
1.00 |
(0.83, 1.21) |
68.6 ± 5.7 |
0.98 |
(0.82, 1.19) |
78.5 ± 5.8 |
0.99 |
(0.82, 1.19) |
Omphalocele |
81 |
59.0 ± 5.7 |
1.12 |
(0.89, 1.42) |
69.3 ± 5.3 |
1.12 |
(0.89, 1.42) |
79.1 ± 5.3 |
1.12 |
(0.88, 1.41) |
aORs were adjusted for maternal age, race, ethnicity,
adequacy of prenatal care, smoking, weather region, and year.
*Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). |