Table 3.

Associations Between Air Pollution and Gene Promoter Methylation in the VA Normative Aging Study, 1999–2009

	% Change in 5-Methylcytosine
	Per 1 μg/m3 Black Carbon	95% Confidence Interval	Per 10 μg/m3PM2.5	95% Confidence Interval
iNOSa,b
4-hour	−0.884	−1.385, −0.382	−0.577	−1.126, −0.029
1-day	−0.440	−1.352, 0.471	−0.390	−1.094, 0.314
2-day	−0.010	−1.147, 1.128	−0.250	−1.010, 0.510
3-day	0.021	−1.330, 1.372	−0.258	−1.098, 0.582
4-day	−0.622	−2.181, 0.937	−0.554	−1.496, 0.388
5-day	−1.328	−3.064, 0.409	−0.877	−1.946, 0.192
6-day	−1.376	−3.276, 0.524	−1.068	−2.240, 0.104
7-day	−1.689	−3.738, 0.359	−1.327	−2.573, −0.081
2-week	−3.731	−6.402, −1.059	−1.550	−3.034, −0.065
4-week	−5.395	−8.941, −1.848	−1.477	−3.259, 0.306
GCRa,c
4-hour	−0.363	−0.789, 0.064	−0.135	−0.615, 0.345
1-day	−0.672	−1.519, 0.176	−0.351	−0.971, 0.269
2-day	−0.865	−1.898, 0.168	−0.516	−1.190, 0.157
3-day	−1.051	−2.285, 0.184	−0.521	−1.270, 0.229
4-day	−1.407	−2.830, 0.015	−0.627	−1.482, 0.228
5-day	−0.899	−2.470, 0.672	−0.500	−1.470, 0.469
6-day	−1.452	−3.160, 0.255	−0.688	−1.752, 0.377
7-day	−1.541	−3.357, 0.276	−0.850	−1.971, 0.271
2-week	−1.064	−3.422, 1.295	−0.790	−2.132, 0.552
4-week	−0.272	−3.403, 2.858	−0.787	−2.363, 0.788

Abbreviation: PM_2.5, particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter.

^a GCR, glucocorticoid receptor gene; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase gene.

^b Models were adjusted for baseline age, season, and time trend, apparent temperature, percent lymphocytes, percent neutrophils, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension medication.

^c Models were adjusted for baseline age, season, and time trend, apparent temperature, percent lymphocytes, percent neutrophils, diabetes mellitus, and race.