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. 2012 May 8;175(12):1303–1310. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr458

Appendix Figure 1.

Appendix Figure 1.

Diagrams representing measurement error terms themselves. A) Independent nondifferential measurement error; B) dependent nondifferential measurement error; C) independent differential measurement error; D) dependent differential measurement error. A represents true exposure; A*, measured exposure; Y, the true outcome; Y*, the measured outcome; eA and eY, measurement errors for A and Y, respectively; and U, a variable leading to correlated errors.