Fig. 5.

Chemical reactions with vesicles and spherical capsules. (a,b) Fluorescence photographs of λ-DNA-loaded (green, shown in (a)) liposome (red, shown in (b)). (Reprinted with permission from ref. 59. Copyright (2005) by The American Chemical Society). (c–f) Chemical reactions in merging lipid vesicles. (c, e) Electrofusion (about 75 kV cm⁻¹; 10 μs) of a 10 μM fluo-3 containing vesicle (left) and a 10 μM Ca²⁺ containing vesicle (right) under bright-field illumination. Corresponding fluorescence images are shown in (d) and (f). Binding of Ca²⁺ by fluo-3 increases the fluorescence quantum yield of this chelator by about 40-fold as was indeed observed. (Reprinted with permission from ref. 63. Copyright (1999) by The American Association for the Advancement of Science). (g) A light scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) image of multivesicle assembly. (Reprinted with permission from ref. 234. Copyright (2008) by John Wiley and Sons). (h) A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a multicompartment structure, the vesosome, formed from a lipid mixture. Multiple small vesicle compartments are visible inside one of more exterior bilayers. (Reprinted with permission from ref. 73. Copyright (2004) by Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.).