Table 1.
Characteristics of Hindustani-Surinamese, African-Surinamese and Dutch participants
|
Men |
|
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Hindustani-Surinamese, N = 147 | African-Surinamese, >N = 191 | Dutch, N = 243 | |
|
Mean age (years) |
44.5 (43.4-45.6)* |
44.0 (43.2-44.9)* |
48.0 (47.1-48.8) |
|
Highest level of education (%) |
|
|
|
| Primary or less |
43 (29.7)* |
15 (8.0)* |
20 (8.4) |
| Secondary |
61 (42.1) |
93 (49.5) |
52 (21.9) |
| Lower vocational |
27 (18.6) |
49 (26.1) |
69 (29.0) |
| Higher vocational or more |
14 (9.7) |
31 (16.5) |
97 (40.8) |
|
Smoking (current) |
78 (53.1) |
111 (58.7)* |
109 (45.2) |
|
Physical activity (%) |
89 (60.5) |
107 (56.0) |
160 (65.8) |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
26.4 (25.5-27.2) |
26.3 (25.7-26.9) |
26.2 (25.7-26.8) |
|
Type 2 diabetes (%) |
37 (25.3)* |
23 (12.1) |
19 (8.0) |
|
Hypertension (%) |
52 (36.4) |
81 (42.9) |
86 (35.4) |
|
Mean waist-to-height ratio |
0.56 (0.55-0.57)* |
0.52 (0.51-0.53)* |
0.53 (0.52-0.54) |
| - Waist-to-height ratio >0.50 (%) |
117 (79.6)* |
98 (51.3)* |
155 (63.8) |
| - Mean waist circumference (m) |
0.95 (0.93-0.97) |
0.91 (0.89-0.92)* |
0.96 (0.94-0.97) |
| - Mean height (m) |
1.70 (1.69-1.71)* |
1.75 (1.74-1.76)* |
1.80 (1.79-1.81) |
|
Median ACR (mg/mmol) |
0.36 (0.20-0.91)* |
0.26 (0.16-0.47) |
0.24 (0.16-0.45) |
| - Albuminuria (%) |
15 (10.2) |
11 (5.8) |
12 (5.0) |
|
Mean logACR |
−0.70 (−0.89- -0.51)* |
−1.11 (−1.31- -0.92) |
−1.34 (−1.50- -1.17) |
|
Women |
|
|
|
| |
Hindustani-Surinamese, N = 187 |
African-Surinamese , N = 398 |
Dutch, N = 250 |
|
Mean age (years) |
45.0 (44.1-46.0)* |
43.5 (43.0-44.1)* |
48.0 (46.7-48.4) |
|
Highest level of education (%) |
|
|
|
| Primary or less |
44 (24.0)* |
26 (6.6)* |
21 (8.4) |
| Secondary |
82 (44.8) |
148 (37.6) |
74 (29.7) |
| Lower vocational |
39 (21.3) |
135 (34.3) |
71 (28.5) |
| Higher vocational or more |
18 (9.8) |
85 (21.6) |
83 (33.3) |
|
Smoking (current) |
42 (22.8)* |
124 (31.7)* |
1109 (44.0) |
|
Physical activity- ≥30 minutes, 5 times/week (%) |
82 (44.1)* |
226 (56.8) |
155 (62.0) |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
27.8 (27.0-28.5)* |
29.0 (29.0-30.1)* |
26.1 (25.4-26.7) |
|
Type 2 diabetes (%) |
49 (26.5)* |
51 (12.9)* |
14 (5.9) |
|
Hypertension (%) |
61 (33.0)* |
137 (34.8)* |
42 (16.8) |
|
Mean waist-to-height ratio |
0.60 (0.59-0.61)* |
0.58 (0.57-0.59)* |
0.53 (0.52-0.53) |
| - Waist-to-height ratio >0.50 (%) |
163 (87.2)* |
323 (81.2)* |
135 (54.0) |
| - Mean waist circumference (m) |
0.94 (0.92-0.96)* |
0.95 (0.94-0.97)* |
0.88 (0.86-0.90) |
| - Mean height (m) |
1.58 (1.57-1.59)* |
1.63 (1.62-1.63)* |
1.67 (1.67-1.68) |
|
Median ACR (mg/mmol) |
0.48 (0.30-0.97)* |
0.40 (0.24-0.76)* |
0.34 (0.20-0.59) |
| - Albuminuria (%) |
13 (6.9)* |
27 (6.8)* |
4 (1.6) |
| Mean logACR | −0.65 (−0.89- -0.42)* | −0.70 (−0.84- -0.56)* | −1.12 (−1.27- -0.97) |
Data are median (IQR), mean (95%-confidence interval) or N (%). Bold = difference between ethnic groups p ≤ 0.05 (Chi-square tests for categorical data and analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous measures), * Significantly different from Dutch (post hoc test) ACR = albumin-creatinine ratio, logACR = log albumin-creatinine ratio, Albuminuria = ACR 2.5-30 mg/mmol for men and 3.5-30 mg/mmol for women (microalbuminuria), or ACR ≥ 30 mg/mmol (macroalbuminuria). Education: Primary or less = 6 years or less, Secondary = 10 years, Lower vocational = 11–12 years, Higher vocational or more = ≥15 years. Physical activity = at least ≥30 minutes, 5 times/week.