Table 3.
Predictors of direct, indirect and total costs; base case scenario
| Parameter | Direct costs | Standard error | Indirect costs | Standard error | Total costs | Standard error | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant |
4,762 |
559 |
*** |
3,998 |
768 |
*** |
8,757 |
976 |
*** |
| Diagnosis |
478 |
128 |
*** |
6.52 |
231 |
|
509 |
280 |
|
| Psychiatric comorbidity |
664 |
265 |
* |
808 |
376 |
* |
1,469 |
528 |
** |
| T1 |
−2,456 |
130 |
*** |
3,028 |
235 |
*** |
571 |
291 |
* |
| T1 x psychiatric comorbidity |
−578 |
350 |
|
−1,248 |
600 |
* |
−1,829 |
783 |
* |
| T2 |
−4,634 |
164 |
*** |
−2,370 |
288 |
*** |
−6,996 |
370 |
*** |
| T2 x psychiatric comorbidity |
72 |
517 |
|
1,333 |
833 |
|
1,355 |
1,089 |
|
| Chronic medical disease |
467 |
155 |
** |
951 |
249 |
*** |
1,417 |
317 |
*** |
| Number of previous disc surgeries |
503 |
141 |
*** |
1,142 |
167 |
*** |
1,645 |
228 |
*** |
| Age (centralized to mean) |
−6.28 |
7.66 |
|
48 |
14 |
*** |
41 |
17 |
* |
| Gender (ref: female) |
−354 |
130 |
** |
1,572 |
189 |
*** |
1,203 |
246 |
*** |
| Being married |
95 |
137 |
|
363 |
273 |
|
462 |
333 |
|
| ISCED educational level 3 (ref ≤ 2) |
451 |
401 |
|
−280 |
634 |
|
132 |
762 |
|
| ISCED educational level 5 (ref ≤ 2) |
367 |
414 |
|
−790 |
665 |
|
−460 |
803 |
|
| Living situation: with partner (ref: alone) |
−325 |
231 |
|
87 |
359 |
|
−180 |
440 |
|
| Living situation: others (ref: alone) |
−52 |
458 |
|
344 |
919 |
|
374 |
1,060 |
|
| Number of children |
64 |
59 |
|
−249 |
102 |
* |
−196 |
128 |
|
| Private health insurance (ref: statutory health insurance) |
−57 |
139 |
|
−759 |
279 |
** |
−799 |
340 |
* |
| Being not employed (ref: being employed) |
238 |
196 |
|
−4,502 |
331 |
*** |
−4,228 |
409 |
*** |
| Model statistics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| R2 within |
0.55 |
|
|
0.42 |
|
|
0.46 |
|
|
| R2 between |
0.33 |
|
|
0.28 |
|
|
0.26 |
|
|
| R2 overall | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0.36 |
* p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.