Table 4.
Predictors of direct, indirect and total costs including monetarily valued informal care and reduced productivity at work
| Parameter | Direct costs | Standard error | Indirect costs | Standard error | Total costs | Standard error | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant |
6,388 |
869 |
*** |
6,915 |
635 |
*** |
13,269 |
1,176 |
*** |
| Diagnosis |
381 |
158 |
* |
−28 |
205 |
|
371 |
277 |
|
| Psychiatric comorbidity |
893 |
352 |
* |
448 |
327 |
|
1,348 |
549 |
* |
| T1 |
−2,450 |
166 |
*** |
994 |
201 |
*** |
−1,453 |
283 |
*** |
| T1 x psychiatric comorbidity |
−564 |
454 |
|
−688 |
499 |
|
−1,242 |
755 |
|
| T2 |
−5,063 |
192 |
*** |
−3,112 |
282 |
*** |
−8,167 |
368 |
*** |
| T2 x psychiatric comorbidity |
38 |
709 |
|
1,646 |
762 |
* |
1,643 |
1,133 |
|
| Chronic medical disease |
643 |
191 |
*** |
811 |
229 |
*** |
1,397 |
329 |
*** |
| Number of previous disc surgeries |
548 |
162 |
*** |
1,197 |
147 |
** |
1,755 |
232 |
*** |
| Age (centralized to mean) |
−9.50 |
10.30 |
|
67 |
12.40 |
*** |
58 |
17.69 |
** |
| Gender (ref: female) |
−871 |
158 |
*** |
2,237 |
167 |
*** |
1,343 |
247 |
*** |
| Being married |
104 |
181 |
|
499 |
262 |
|
594 |
354 |
|
| ISCED educational level 3 (ref ≤ 2) |
−484 |
711 |
|
256 |
521 |
|
−209 |
972 |
|
| ISCED educational level 5 (ref ≤ 2) |
−681 |
729 |
|
−160 |
550 |
|
−829 |
1,009 |
|
| Living situation: with partner (ref: alone) |
−212 |
269 |
|
−100 |
337 |
|
−260 |
470 |
|
| Living situation: others (ref: alone) |
580 |
646 |
|
689 |
929 |
|
1,333 |
1,233 |
|
| Number of children |
87 |
79 |
|
−328 |
90 |
*** |
−235 |
130 |
|
| Private health insurance (ref: statutory health insurance) |
−40 |
165 |
|
−740 |
255 |
** |
−775 |
326 |
* |
| Being not employed (ref: being employed) |
691 |
269 |
* |
−7,025 |
323 |
*** |
−6,347 |
462 |
*** |
| Model statistics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| R2 within |
0.48 |
|
|
0.46 |
|
|
0.53 |
|
|
| R2 between |
0.33 |
|
|
0.52 |
|
|
0.35 |
|
|
| R2 overall | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.43 |
* p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.