Table 4. Hazard ratios of dementia in patients with and without hypnotic usage stratified by categories of hypnotics, half-lives of hypnotics and doses of hypnotics.
| Group | Hypnotic Users, No. (%) (N = 5693) | Hypnotic Nonusers, No. (%) (N = 28,465) | HR | (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| Category | |||||||
| BZD | 76/1839 | (3.97) | 151/9409 | (1.58) | 1 | ||
| non-BZD | 96/2716 | (3.41) | 190/13870 | (1.35) | 1.01 | (0.76–1.33) | .351 |
| Half-life | |||||||
| Short-acting | 159/4306 | (3.70) | 306/22019 | (1.43) | 1 | ||
| Intermediate-acting | 39/856 | (4.57) | 76/4399 | (1.79) | 0.96 | (0.61–1.52) | .523 |
| Long-acting | 15/318 | (4.50) | 19/1646 | (1.16) | 1.65 | (0.68–3.83) | .098 |
| Dose* | |||||||
| Low | 63/2655 | (2.32) | 192/13398 | (1.41) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 103/2868 | (3.47) | 216/14639 | (1.45) | 1.07 | (0.79–1.47) | .291 |
| High | 117/2605 | (4.30) | 208/13402 | (1.53) | 1.53 | (1.15–2.05) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: BZD, benzodiazepine; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
All models are analyzed by Cox regression adjusted for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and stroke.
*
Low: 7 to 30 defined daily dose (DDD) per year; medium: 31 to 90 DDD per year; high: at least 91 DDD per year.