. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2012 Dec;9(4):351–363. doi: 10.1007/s11904-012-0135-7

Table 1.

Nutrition Interventions to Address Chronic Disease and HIV

Nutrition Intervention	Authors	Source, Population	Effect
Nutritional education and counseling
Nutritional counseling based on the Phase II diet of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III	Lazzaretti, et al. 2012	Brazil; > 17 years	Decreases fat intake⁷⁸ Decreases triglycerides⁷⁸
Mediterranean style diet	Tsiodras, et al. 2009	Boston, MA; adults	Decreases insulin resistance⁸² Increases HDL cholesterol⁸²
Fenofibrate and niacin with low- saturated-fat diet and exercise	Balasubramanyam, et al. 2011	Houston, TX; adults with fasting triglycerides > 150 mg/dl	Increases HDL cholesterol⁸⁰ Decreases non-HDL cholesterol⁸⁰ Decreases triglycerides⁸⁰ Improves hypoadiponectinemia⁸⁰
Food supplementation
Ready-to-use therapeutic foods	Ahoua, et al. 2011	Kenya, Uganda; >15 years malnourished patients	Promote nutritional recovery¹⁵
Lipid nutrient supplementation	Kayira, et al. 2012	Malawi; lactating women	Reduction in weight loss¹⁷
Fatty-acid supplementation
Polyunsaturated fatty acids	Oliveira, et al. 2011; Peters, et al. 2012	US, Canada, Europe; adults	Reduces triglycerides^{83, 84}
Functional food
Probiotics	Hummelen, et al. 2010, 2011a 2011b; Irvine, et al. 2011	Africa, Brazil; adults	Alleviates gastrointestinal symptoms^19-21 Improves tolerance to ART^19-21 Decrease fatigue²²
Micronutrient supplementation
Multivitamin supplementation (vitamin B complex, vitamin C, and vitamin E)	Fawzi, et al. 2004, 2007; Kawai, et al. 2010; Irlam, et al. 2012	Africa; pregnant and lactating women Resource-limited settings; adults and children	Improves hemoglobin concentration²⁶ Reduces risk of anemia²⁶ Increases CD4 counts²⁵ Delays progression of HIV disease²⁵ Decreased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes²⁷ Reduces recurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis in those co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV³⁰
Vitamin A supplementation	Wiysonge, et al. 2011; Irlam, et al. 2012	Africa; pregnant women	Improves birth weight of HIV-exposed uninfected infants³³ Reduces all cause mortality in children³⁰
Vitamin D supplementation	Havens, et al. 2012; Childs, et al. 2012; Arpadi, et al. 2012; Longenecker, et al. 2012	US, Puerto Rico; young adults, Global; adults New York, NY; children Cleveland, OH; adults	Decreases parathyroid hormone^{53, 54} Improves vitamin D status but no effect on bone density in children⁵⁷ Increases serum 25(OH)D concentrations, improves cholesterol, increases HOMA-IR, no change in endothelial function⁵⁵